<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">aari</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Arctic and Antarctic Research</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0555-2648</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-6713</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30758/0555-2648-2019-65-2-125-147</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">aari-159</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОКЕАНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OCEANOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Климатические изменения термических условий Карского моря за последние 40 лет</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Climatic changes of thermal condition in the Kara sea at last 40 years</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ростов</surname><given-names>И. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rostov</surname><given-names>I. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владивосток</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladivostok</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rostov@poi.dvo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитриева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitrieva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владивосток</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladivostok</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рудых</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudykh</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владивосток</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladivostok</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воронцов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorontsov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Обнинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Obninsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН Тихоокеанский океанологический институт им. В.И. Ильичева Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт гидрометеорологической информации – Мировой центр данных</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information – World Data Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>65</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>125</fpage><lpage>147</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ростов И.Д., Дмитриева Е.В., Рудых Н.И., Воронцов А.А., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ростов И.Д., Дмитриева Е.В., Рудых Н.И., Воронцов А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rostov I.D., Dmitrieva E.V., Rudykh N.I., Vorontsov A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.aaresearch.science/jour/article/view/159">https://www.aaresearch.science/jour/article/view/159</self-uri><abstract><p>По данным срочных наблюдений на гидрометеорологических станциях Росгидромета за 1978–2017 гг., данных оптимальной интерполяции и реанализа NOAA выполнен анализ межгодовой изменчивости поверхностной температуры воды и воздуха в Карском море на современном этапе потепления климата. Методы кластерного, корреляционного анализа и аппарата эмпирических ортогональных функций использованы для определения пространственно-временной структуры поля температуры и районирования акватории по особенностям климатических изменений. Исследованы возможные причинно-следственные связи этих изменений с вариациями составляющих поля ветра, климатическими индексами и сплоченностью льда. В результате удалось уточнить количественную оценку тенденций и выявить региональные особенностей межгодовой изменчивости термических условий Карского моря.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper discusses air (Ta) and sea surface temperature (SST) year-to-year variability due to warming of the Kara Sea, using the data from regular observations at the meteorological stations Roshydromet (GMS) in 1978–2017, NOAA optimum interpolation and reanalysis data. We use the methods of cluster, correlation analysis and Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF). We investigate possible cause and effect relationships of these changes with the variations of the wind field components, climatic indices and the sea ice concentration field. The cluster analysis of the three main EOF components has allowed us to identify four areas on the basis of the nature of changes of the water temperature anomalies field. The climatic changes in these areas, in the coastal and island zones of the Kara Sea have manifested themselves in the steady increase of the annual air temperature at GMS from 0,47–0,77 °C/10 years on the southwest coast to 1,33–1,49 °C/10 years in the north of the sea. This is equivalent to warming from 1,9 to 6,0 °C in the last 40 years. For the open sea the value of the Ta trend is about 1,22 °C/10 years, which corresponds to an increase in the average Ta by 4,9 °C in the last 40 years. This value is approximately 3 times greater than that for all the Northern hemisphere for the same period.</p><p>Annualy, the maximal trend was observed in November and April mainly and exceeded 2–3 °C/10 years at some of the stations. We identify anomalously warm (2016 and 2012) and anomalously cold (1978, 1979, 1992 and 1998) years: the warmest year was 2012, the coldest — 1979. Positive SST trends were observed over all the sea area during the warm period of year (to 1 °C/10 years). SST increased to 2,4 °C, which is approximately 1,5 times greater than the corresponding SST values for the Northern hemisphere. The maximum SST trend (0,4 °C/10 years) was observed in the northwest and southwest parts of the sea. From June to August the trends of SST exceed the annual ones 1,5–2 times. Interannual SST and Ta variations are characterized by close correlation links. Until approximately 1998–2004 the warming was rather insignificant, and after that the growth rate of Ta and SST increased many fold. Apparently it indicates changes in the mode and the large-scale atmospheric circulation in the early 2000s. We also observed a trend of strengthening of the southern wind during the cold period of the year and the northern one — in the warm period (0,5–0,6 m/s in 40 years). It is shown that there is a close correlation between the Ta increase and the changes in the meridional component of the wind speed during the cold period of the year for all the sea areas. For the warm period it is statistically insignificant both for Ta and SST. For the cold season we observed a contribution of the large-scale mode of atmospheric circulation into the variability of V component of the wind speed. The conribution was expressed through the indeces NAO, SCAND, Pol/EUR, AZOR, ISL and the differences of ISLSIB. For the warm season this contribution is expressed through the NAO, SCAND and AO only. For the warm period we showed statistically significant correlation between the increase in SST, Ta and the processes parametrized by the AMO, EA/WR and AZOR indeces. For the cold period the indeces are AMO, Pol/Eur, SIB and ISL SIB. The interannual variations of the sea ice concentration field are characterized by close correlation with Ta changes both in the annual cycle and during the periods of ice cover formation and evolution (R = –0,7... –0,9). For these periods we showed statistically significant relationships between the first EOF mode fluctuations and two climatic indeces — AMO (R = 0,5) and Pol/Eur (R = 0,4). The relationships between the temporary variability of the sea ice concentration and the wind field characteristics are weaker and statistically significant only for the meridional component of the wind speed (R = –0,4).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Карское море</kwd><kwd>климатические индексы</kwd><kwd>межгодовая изменчивость</kwd><kwd>термические условия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>climate indices</kwd><kwd>Kara Sea</kwd><kwd>thermal conditions</kwd><kwd>year-to-year variability</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках темы государственного задания ТОИ ДВО РАН по программе «Фундаментальные проблемы изучения и освоения дальневосточных морей России и Восточного сектора Арктики». Авторы благодарят разработчиков за возможность использовать данные, размещенные на сайтах https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/, http://www.aari.ru/main.php и https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/. Авторы признательны рецензентам за конструктивные комментарии.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted in the framework of the program “Fundamental problems of studying and development of the Far Eastern Seas of Russia and the Eastern Sector of Arctic”. Authors thank the program developers for the opportunity to use the data at https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/, http://www.aari.ru/main.php and https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/. The authors are also grateful to the reviewers for their constructive comments.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">IPCC. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change / eds.: Stocker T. F., Qin D., Plattner G.-K., Tignor M., Allen S. K., Boschung J., Nauels A., Xia Y., Bex V., Midgley P. M. United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA / Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 1535 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">IPCC. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Stocker, T.F., Qin D., Plattner G.-K., Tignor M., Allen S.K., Boschung J., Nauels A., Xia Y., Bex V., Midgley P.M. (eds.). United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013: 1535 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johannessen O.M., Kuzmina S.I., Bobylev L.P., Miles M.W. Surface air temperature variability and trends in the Arctic: new amplification assessment and regionalization // Tellus A. 2016. V. 68. P. 28234.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johannessen O.M., Kuzmina S.I., Bobylev L.P., Miles M.W. Surface air temperature variability and trends in the Arctic: new amplification assessment and regionalisation. Tellus A. 2016, 68: 28234.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Callaghan T. V., Johansson M., Key J., Prowse T., Ananicheva M., Klepikov A. Feedbacks and interactions: From the Arctic cryosphere to the climate system // Ambio. 2011. V. 40. P. 75–86. doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0215-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Callaghan T. V., Johansson M., Key J., Prowse T., Ananicheva M., Klepikov A. Feedbacks and interactions: From the Arctic cryosphere to the climate system. Ambio. 2011, 40: 75–86. doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0215-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Катцов В.М., Порфирьев Б.Н. Климатические изменения в Арктике: последствия для окружающей среды и экономики // Арктика: экология и экономика. 2012. № 2 (6). С. 66–79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kattsov V.M., Porfiryev B.N. Climate change in the Arctic: implications for the environment and the economy. Arktika: ekologiia i ekonomika. Arctic: Ecology and Economy. 2012, 2 (6): 66–79. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковалевский Д.В., Алексеев Г.В., Бобылев Л.П., Данилов А.И. Последствия изменений климата для некоторых видов хозяйственной деятельности в Арктике // Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики. 2012. № 4 (94). С. 90–98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalevskii D.V., Alekseev G.V., Bobylev L.P., Danilov A.I. Impacts of climate change on certain economic activities in the Arctic. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki.Arctic and Antarctic Research. 2012, 94 (4): 90–98. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Semiletov I., Pipko I., Gustafsson Ö., Anderson L.G., Sergienko V., Pugach S., Dudarev O., Charkin A., Gukov A., Bröder L., Andersson A., Spivak E., Shakhova N. Acidification of East Siberian Arctic Shelf waters through addition of freshwater and terrestrial carbon // Nature Geoscience. 2016. V. 9. P. 361–365. doi: 10.1038/NGEO2695.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semiletov I., Pipko I., Gustafsson Ö., Anderson L.G., Sergienko V., Pugach S., Dudarev O., Charkin A., Gukov A., Bröder L., Andersson A., Spivak E., Shakhova N. Acidification of East Siberian Arctic Shelf waters through addition of freshwater and terrestrial carbon. Nature Geoscience. 2016, 9: 361–365. doi: 10.1038/NGEO2695.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаров В.Ф. Похолодание Арктики и ледяной покров арктических морей. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1976. 95 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharov V.F. Pokholodanie Arktiki i ledianoi pokrov arkticheskikh morei. Cold snap of the Arctic and ice cover of the Arctic seas. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1976: 95 p. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polyakov I. V., Alekseev G. V., Bekryaev R. V., Bhatt Uma, Colony R. L. Observationally based assessment of polar amplification of global warming // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2002. V. 29 (18). P. 1878. doi: 10.1029/2001GL011111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polyakov I.V., Alekseev G.V., Bekryaev R.V., Bhatt Uma, Colony R.L. Observationally based assessment of polar amplification of global warming. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2002, 29 (18): 1878. doi: 10.1029/2001GL011111, 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фролов И.Е., Гудкович З.М., Карклин В.П., Ковалев Е.Г., Смоляницкий В.М. Климатические изменения ледовых условий в арктических морях Евразийского шельфа // Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики. 2007. № 75. С. 149–160.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frolov I.E., Gudkovich Z.M., Karklin V.P., Kovalev E.G., Smolianitskii V.M. Climatic changes of ice conditions in the Arctic seas of the Euroasian shelf. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki. Arctic and Antarctic Research. 2007, 75: 149–160. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шерстюков Б.Г. Региональные и сезонные закономерности изменений современного климата. Обнинск: ГУ «ВНИИГМИМЦД», 2008. 247 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sherstiukov B.G. Regional’nye i sezonnye zakonomernosti izmenenii sovremennogo klimata. Regional and seasonal regularities of changes of the modern climate. Obninsk: GU «VNIIGMI-MTsD», 2008: 247 p. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Второй оценочный доклад Росгидромета об изменениях климата и их последствиях на территории Российской Федерации / Науч. рук. В.М. Катцов, С.М. Семенов. М.: Росгидромет, 2014. 1005 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Second Roshydromet assessment report on climate change and its consequences in Russian Federation. Ed. V.M. Kattsov, S.M. Semenov. Мoscow: Roshydromet, 2014: 1005 p. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев Г.В. Проявление и усиление глобального потепления в Арктике // Фундаментальная и прикладная климатология. 2015. № 1. C. 11–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev G.V. Proiavlenie i usilenie global’nogo potepleniia v Arktike. Manifestation and strengthening of global warming in the Arctic. Fundamental’naia i prikladnaia klimatologiia. Fundamental and applied climatology. 2015, 1: 11–26. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ростов И.Д., Дмитриева Е.В., Воронцов А.А. Тенденции климатических изменений термических условий моря Лаптевых за последние 37 лет // Вестник ДВО РАН. 2019. № 1. С. 97–107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rostov I.D., Dmitrieva E.V., Vorontsov A.A. Tendencies of climate changes for thermal conditions of the Laptev Sea over last 37 years. Vestnik DVO RAN. Bulletin of the Far East branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2019, 1: 97–107. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ростов И.Д., Дмитриева Е.В., Воронцов А.А. Тенденции климатических изменений термических условий в прибрежных акваториях западной части Берингова моря и прилегающих районах за последние десятилетия // Известия ТИНРО. 2018. Т. 193. C. 167–182. doi: 10.26428/1606-9919-2018-193-167-182.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rostov I.D., Dmitrieva E.V., Vorontsov A.A. Tendencies of climate changes for thermal conditions in the coastal waters of the western Bering Sea and adjacent areas in the last decades. Izvestiya TINRO. TINRO News. 2018, 193: 167–182. doi: 10.26428/1606-9919-2018-193-167-182. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шалина Е.В., Бобылев Л.П. Изменение ледовых условий в Арктике согласно спутниковым наблюдениям // Современные проблемы дистанционного зондирования Земли из космоса. 2017. Т. 14. № 6. С. 28–41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shalina E.V., Bobylev L.P. Change of ice conditions in the Arctic according to satellite observations. Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniia Zemli iz kosmosa. Current problems in remote sensing of the Earth from space. 2017, 14, 6: 28–41. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Думанская И.О. Ледовые условия морей европейской части России. Обнинск: ИГ-СОЦИН, 2014. 608 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dumanskaja I.O. Ledovye usloviia morei evropeiskoi chasti Rossii. Ice conditions of the European Russia seas. Obninsk: IG-SOCIN, 2014: 608 p. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matishov G.G., Dzhenyuk S.L., Moiseev D.V., Zhichkin A.P. Pronounced anomalies of air, water, ice conditions in the Barents and Kara Seas, and the Sea of Azov // Oceanologia. 2014. V. 56 (3). P. 445–460.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matishov G.G., Dzhenyuk S.L., Moiseev D.V., Zhichkin A.P. Pronounced anomalies of air, water, ice conditions in the Barents and Kara Seas, and the Sea of Azov. Oceanologia. 2014, 56 (3): 445–460.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бородачев В.Е., Бородачев И.В. Ледовитость Карского моря в вариациях климата Арктики // Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики. 2015. № 2 (104). С. 57–67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borodachev V.E., Borodachev I.V. The Kara Sea ice extent and the Arctic climate variations. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki. Arctic and Antarctic Research. 2015, 2 (104): 57–67. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карклин В.П., Юлин А.В., Шаратунова М.В., Мочнова Л.П. Климатическая изменчивость ледяных массивов Карского моря // Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики. 2017. № 4 (114). С. 37–47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karklin V.P., Yulin A.V., Sharatunova M.V., Mochnova L.P. Climat variability of the Kara Sea ice massifs. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki. Arctic and Antarctic Research. 2017, 4 (114): 37–47. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Думанская И.О. Ледовые условия морей азиатской части России. Обнинск: ИГ-СОЦИН, 2017. 640 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dumanskaia I.O. Ledovye usloviia morei aziatskoi chasti Rossii. Ice conditions of the seas of an Asian part of Russia. Obninsk: IG-SOTsIN, 2017: 640 p. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карклин В.П., Ковалев Е.Г. Влияние солнечной активности на формирование крупных аномалий ледовитости арктических морей // Тр. ААНИИ. 1994. Т. 432. С. 28–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karklin V.P., Kovalev E.G. Influence of solar activity on ice cover of the Arctic seas. Trudy AANII. Proc. of AARI. 1994, 432: 28–35. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гудкович З.М., Карклин В.П., Фролов И.Е. Внутривековые изменения климата, площади ледяного покрова Евразийский арктических морей и их возможные причины // Метеорология и гидрология. 2005. № 6. C. 5–14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gudkovich Z.M., Karklin V.P., Frolov I.E. Intra century climate changes, areas of an ice cover Eurasian Arctic seas and their possible reasons.Meteorologiia i gidrologiia.Meteorology and hydrology. 2005, 6: 5–14. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абдусаматов Х.И. Солнце диктует климат. СПб.: Логос, 2009. 198 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdusamatov Kh.I. Solntse diktuet klimat. The sun dictates climate. St. Petersburg: Logos, 2009: 198 p. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гудкович З.М., Карклин В.П., Смоляницкий В.М., Фролов И.Е. О характере и причинах изменений климата Земли // Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики. 2009. № 1 (81). С. 15–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gudkovich Z.M., Karklin V.P., Smolyanitsky V.M., Frolov I.E. On the character and causes of the Earth’s climate changes. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki. Arctic and Antarctic Research. 2009, 1 (81): 15–23. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сорохтин О.Г. Парниковый эффект: миф и реальность // Вестник РАЕН. 2002. Т. 1. № 1. С. 8–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sorokhtin O.G. Parnikovyi effekt: mif i real’nost’. Greenhouse effect: myth and reality. Vestnik RAEN. Bulletin of RANS. 2002, 1, 1: 8–21. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бирман Б.А., Бережная Т.В., Голубев А.Д. Основные погодно-климатические особенности Северного полушария Земли. 2018 год. Аналитический обзор. М.: ФГБУ «Гидрометцентр России», 2019. 79 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Birman B.А., Berezhnaya T.V., Golubev А.D. Osnovnye pogodno-klimaticheskie osobennosti Severnogo polushariia Zemli. 2018 god. Analiticheskii obzor. FGBU «Gidromettsentr Rossii». The main weather-climatic characteristics of the Earth northern hemisphere. 2018. Analytical review. Moscow: Hydrometeoizdat, 2019: 79 p. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев Г.В., Радионов В.Ф., Александров Е.И., Иванов Н.Е., Харланенкова Н.Е. Изменения климата Арктики при глобальном потеплении // Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики. 2015. № 1 (103). С. 33–41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev G.V., Radionov V.F. Aleksandrov E.I.,Ivanov N.E., Kharlanenkova N.E. Arctic climate change under global warming. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki. Arctic and Antarctic Research. 2015, 1 (103): 33–41. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ашик И.М., Тимохов Л.А. Ожидаемые изменения гидрологических условий в арктических морях и их последствия // Cб. тезисов Всероссийской конф. с международным участием: Состояние арктических морей и территорий в условиях изменения климата / Сост. С.В. Рябченко, Сев. (Арктич.) федер. ун-т им. М.В. Ломоносова. Архангельск: ИД САФУ, 2014. C. 25–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ashik I.M., Timokhov L.A. The expected changes of hydrological conditions in the Arctic seas and their consequences. Book of abs. All-Russian conf. “State of the Arctic seas and territories in the face of climate change”. Ed. Riabchenko S.V., North (Arctic) Federal M.V. Lomonosov’ University. Arkhangelsk: SAFU ID, 2014: 25–26. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Логинов В.Ф., Микуцкий В.С. Изменения климата: тренды, циклы, паузы. Минск: Беларуская навука, 2017. 179 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loginov V.F., Mikutskii V.S. Izmeneniia klimata: trendy, tsikly, pauzy. Climate change: trends, cycles, pause. Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, 2017: 179 p. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пономарев В.И., Дмитриева Е.В, Шкорба С.П., Карнаухов А.А. Изменение планетарного климатического режима на рубеже XX–XXI веков // Вестник МГТУ. 2018. Т. 21. № 1. С. 160–169. doi: 10.21443/1560-9278-2018-21-1-160-169.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ponomarev V.I., Dmitrieva E.V, Shkorba S.P., Karnaukhov А.А. Change of the global climate regime at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries. Vestnik MGTU. Bulletin of MGTU. 2018, 21, 1: 160–169. doi: 10.21443/1560-9278-2018-21-1-160-169. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фролов И.Е., Гудкович З.М., Карклин В.П., Смоляницкий В.М. Изменения климата Арктики и Антарктики — результат действия естественных причин // Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики. 2010. № 2 (85). С. 52–61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frolov I.E., Gudkovich Z.M., Karklin V.P., Smolyanitsky V.М. Climate change in the Arctic and Antarctic — the result of the natural causes. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki. Arctic and Antarctic Research. 2010, 2 (85): 52–61. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев Г.В., Кузмина С.И., Уразгильдеева А.В., Бобылев Л.П. Влияние атмосферных переносов тепла и влаги на потепление в Арктике в зимний период // Фундаментальная и прикладная климатология. 2016. Т. 1. С. 43–46. doi: 10.21513/2410-8758-2016-1-43-63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev G.V., Kuzmina S.I., Urazgil’deeva A.V., Bobylev L.P. Influence of atmospheric transfers of heat and moisture on warming in the Arctic during the winter period. Fundamental’naia i prikladnaia klimatologiia. Fundamental and applied climatology. 2016, 1: 43–46. doi: 10.21513/2410-8758-2016-1-43-63. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попова В.В. Современные изменения климата на севере Евразии как проявление вариаций крупномасштабной атмосферной циркуляции // Фундаментальная и прикладная климатология. 2018. Т. 1. С. 84–111. doi: 10.21513/2410-8758-2018-1-84-1.11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popova V.V. Present-day changes in climate in the North Eurasia as a manifestation of variation of the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Fundamental’naia i prikladnaia klimatologiia. Fundamental and applied climatology. 2018, 1: 84–111. doi: 10.21513/2410-8758-2018-1-84-111. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Graversen R.G., Mauritsen T., Tjernstrom M., Kallen E., Svensson G. Vertical structure of recent Arctic warming // Nature. 2008. V. 451. P. 53–54. doi:10.1038/nature06502.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Graversen R.G., Mauritsen T., Tjernstrom M., Kallen E., Svensson G. Vertical structure of recent Arctic warming. Nature. 2008, 451: 53–54. doi: 10.1038/nature06502.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Curry J.A., Schramm J.H., Ebert E.E. Sea ice albedo feedback mechanism // Journ. Clim. 1995. V. 8. P. 240–247.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Curry J.A., Schramm J.H., Ebert E.E. Sea ice albedo feedback mechanism. Journ. Clim. 1995, 8: 240–247.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perovich D. K., Light B., Eicken H., Jones K.F., Runciman K., Nghiem S.V. Increasing solar heating of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, 1979–2005: Attribution and role in the ice-albedo feedback // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007. Vol. 34. L19505. doi:10.1029/2007GL031480.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perovich D. K., Light B., Eicken H., Jones K.F., Runciman K., Nghiem S.V. Increasing solar heating of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, 1979–2005: Attribution and role in the ice-albedo feedback. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34: L19505. doi:10.1029/2007GL031480.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Semiletov I., Dudarev O., Luchin V., Charkin A., Shin K.-H., Tanaka N. The East Siberian Sea as a transition zone between Pacific-derived waters and Arctic shelf waters // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005. V. 32. L10614. doi:10.1029/2005GL022490.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semiletov, I., O. Dudarev, V. Luchin, A. Charkin, K.-H. Shin, and N. Tanaka The East Siberian Sea as a transition zone between Pacific-derived waters and Arctic shelf waters. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32: L10614. doi:10.1029/2005GL022490.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Магрицкий Д.В. Тепловой сток рек в моря российской Арктики и его изменения // Вестн. МГУ. Cер. 5. География. 2009. № 5. С. 69–77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magritskii D.V. Thermal drain of the rivers to the seas of the Russian Arctic and its change.Vestn. MGU. Cer. 5 Geografiia.MSU bulletin. Geography series 5. 2009, 5: 69–77. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luchin V., Paneled G. Thermal regimes in the Chukchi sea from 1941–2008 // Deep-Sea Research II. 2014. V. 109. C. 14–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luchin V., Paneled G. Thermal regimes in the Chukchi sea from 1941–2008. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 2014, 109: 14–26. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.05.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аксенов П.В., Иванов В.В. «Атлантификация» как вероятная причина сокращения площади морского льда в бассейне Нансена в зимний сезон // Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики. 2018. Т. 64 (1). С. 42–54. doi: 10.30758/0555-2648-2018-64-1-42-54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aksenov P. V., Ivanov V. V. “Atlantification” as a probable cause for reducing of the sea-ice cover in the Nansen basin in winter. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki.Arctic and Antarctic Research. 2018, 64, 1: 42–54. doi: 10.30758/0555-2648-2018-64-1-42-54. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белязо В.А. Планетарные циклы в колебаниях атмосферной циркуляции и их проявление в некоторых процессах Арктики // Тр. ААНИИ. 1999. Т. 441. С. 46–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beliazo V.A. Planetary cycles in fluctuations of atmospheric circulation and their manifestation in some processes of the Arctic. Trudy AANII. Proc. of AARI. 1999, 441: 46–51. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фролов И.Е., Гудкович З.М., Карклин В.П., Смоляницкий В.М. 60-летняя цикличность в изменениях климата полярных регионов // Материалы гляциологических исследований. 2008. Т. 105. С. 158–165.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frolov I.E., Gudkovich Z.M., Karklin V.P., Smolianitskii V.M. 60-year cycle in climate change in the polar regions. Materialy gliatsiologicheskikh issledovanii. Materials of glaciological researches. 2008, 105: 158–165. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Добровольский А.Д., Залогин Б.С. Моря СССР. М.: Изд. МГУ, 1982. 192 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobrovolsky A.D., Zalogin B.S. Morya SSSR. Sea of the USSR. Moscow: MGU, 1982: 192 p. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Изменчивость природных условий в шельфовой зоне Баренцева и Карского морей / Федер. служба по гидрометеорологии и мониторингу окружающей среды / Под. ред. А.И. Данилова, Е.У. Миронова, В.А. Спичкина. СПб.: ААНИИ, 2004. 430 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Izmenchivost’ prirodnykh uslovii v shel’fovoi zone Barentseva i Karskogo morei. Variability of an environment in a shelf zone Barents and Karsky seas (Eds. Danilov A.I., Mironov E.U., Spichkin V.A.). Saint Petersburg: AANII, 2004: 430 p. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reynolds R.W., Rayner N.A., Smith T.M., Stokes D.C, Wang W. An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate // Journal of Climate. 2002. V. 15. Iss. 13. P. 1609–1625. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015&lt;1609:AIISAS&gt;2.0.CO;2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reynolds R.W., Rayner N.A., Smith T.M., Stokes D.C, Wang W. An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. Journal of Climate. 2002, 15, 13: 1609–1625. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015&lt;1609:AIISAS&gt;2.0.CO;2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalnay E., Kanamishi M., Kistler R., Collins W., Deaven D., Gardin L., Iredell M., Saha S., White G., Woolen J., Zhu Y., Chellian M., Ebisuzaki W., Higgins W., Janowiak J., Mo K.C., Ropelewski C., Wang G., Leetmaa A., Reynolds R., Jenne R., Joseph D. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project // Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 1996. V. 77. № 3. P. 437–472.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalnay E., Kanamishi M., Kistler R., Collins W., Deaven D., Gardin L., Iredell M., Saha S., White G., Woolen J., Zhu Y., Chellian M., Ebisuzaki W., Higgins W., Janowiak J., Mo K.C., Ropelewski C., Wang G., Leetmaa A., Reynolds R., Jenne R., Joseph D. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 1996, 77, 3: 437–472. doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077&lt;0437:tnyrp&gt;2.0.co;2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rayner N.A., Parker D.E., Horton E.B., Folland C.K., Alexander L.V., Rowell D.P., Kent E.C., Kaplan A. Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century // Journal of Geophysical Research. 2003. V. 108. № D14. P. 4407. doi: 10.1029/2002JD002670.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rayner N.A., Parker D.E., Horton E.B., Folland C.K., Alexander L.V., Rowell D.P., Kent E.C., Kaplan A. Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108 (D14): 4407. doi: 10.1029/2002JD002670.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ding С., He Х. K-means clustering via principal component analysis // Proc. 21st Intern. conf. on machine learning. Canada, Banff: ACM Press, 2004. P. 225–232. doi: 10.1145/1015330.1015408.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ding С., He Х. K-means clustering via principal component analysis. Proc. 21st Intern. Conf. on machine learning. Banff, Canada, ACM Press, 2004: 225–232. doi: 10.1145/1015330.1015408.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enfield D.B., Mestas-Nunez A.M., Trimble P.J. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and its relationship to rainfall and river flows in the continental U.S. // Geophysical Research Letters. 2001. V. 28. № 10. P. 2077–2080.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Enfield D.B., Mestas-Nunez A.M., Trimble P.J. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and its relationship to rainfall and river flows in the continental U.S. Geophysical Research Letters. 2001, 28, 10: 2077–2080.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanov V., Alexeev V., Koldunov N.V., Repina I.A., Sandoe A.B., Smedsrud L.H., Smirnov A. Arctic Ocean Heat Impact on Regional Ice Decay: A Suggested Positive Feedback // J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2016. V. 46. P. 1437–1456. doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-15-0144.1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov V., Alexeev V., Koldunov N.V., Repina I.A., Sandoe A.B., Smedsrud L.H., Smirnov A. Arctic Ocean heat impact on regional ice decay: a suggested positive feedback. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2016, 46: 1437–1456. doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-15-0144.1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жичкин А.П. Динамика межгодовых и сезонных аномалий ледовитости Баренцева и Карского морей // Вестник Кольского научного центра РАН. Естественные и технические науки. 2015. № 1 (20). С. 55–64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhichkin A.P. Dynamics of interannual and seasonal anomalies of ice cover of the Barents and Karsky seas. Vestnik Kol’skogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN. Estestvennye i tekhnicheskie nauki. Bulletin of the Kola scientific center RAS. Natural and technical science. 2015,1 (20): 55–64. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Плотников В.В. Пространственно-временная изменчивость ледяного покрова залива Петра Великого // Вестник ДВО РАН. 2013. № 6. С. 42–49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plotnikov V.V. The spatial-temporal variability of the ice cover of Peter the Great Bay. Vestnik DVO RAN. FEB RAS Bulletin. 2013, 6: 42–49. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
