aariПроблемы Арктики и АнтарктикиArctic and Antarctic Research0555-26482618-6713Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт10.30758/0555-2648-2019-65-3-275-299aari-193Research ArticleФИЗИКА АТМОСФЕРЫ И ГИДРОСФЕРЫATMOSPHERE AND HYDROSPHERE PHYSICSPC индекс как показатель энергии солнечного ветра, поступающей в магнитосферу (итоги)PC index as a proxy of the solar wind energy that entered into the magnetosphere (summary)ТрошичевO. А.TroshichevO. A.

Санкт-Петербург.

olegtro@aari.ruСормаковД. А.SormakovD. A.

Санкт-Петербург.

Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институтРоссияState Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Arctic and Antarctic Research InstituteRussian Federation201903102019653275299Copyright © Трошичев O.А., Сормаков Д.А., 20192019Трошичев O.А., Сормаков Д.А.Troshichev O.A., Sormakov D.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.aaresearch.science/jour/article/view/193

Дается краткий обзор достижений, полученных при использовании индексов магнитной активности в северной (PCN) и южной (PCS) полярных шапках. Показано, что PC индекс четко отвечает на вариации геоэффективного межпланетного электрического поля E, взаимодействующего с магнитосферой, с одной стороны, и является предвестником магнитосферных возмущений (магнитных бурь и суббурь), с другой стороны. Эти экспериментальные факты послужили основой представления о PC индексе как характеристике энергии солнечного ветра, поступающей в магнитосферу. Показано, что проблема случайных расхождений в поведении и величине PCN и PCS индексов в сезоны зима/лето решается выбором PC индекса в зимней шапке (PCwinter) как наиболее адекватной характеристики магнитной активности. В настоящее время PC индекс успешно применяется при оценке пригодности данных сайта OMNI о параметрах солнечного ветра (т.е. для проверки реальности контакта с магнитосферой солнечного ветра, измеренного в точке либрации). Специальная процедура, согласованная Арктическим и антарктическим НИИ (который ответственен за производство PCS индекса) и Датским техническим университетом (который ответственен за производство PCN индекса), обеспечивает расчет в реальном времени 1-мин PC индекса по данным магнитных наблюдений на полярных станциях Восток (Антарктика) и Туле (Гренландия).

The paper includes a short review of advantages of the PC index which is a characteristic of the magnetic activity in the polar caps in the northern (PCN) and southern (PCS) hemispheres. It is demonstrated that the PC index properly responds to variations of the geoeffective interplanetary electric field E coupling with the magnetosphere, on the one side, and predetermined the development of magnetospheric disturbances (magnetic storms and substorms), on the other side. These experimental results formed the physical backgrounds for concept that the ground-based PC index characterizes the solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere. It is shown that problem of random discordances in behavior and value of the PCN and PCS indices during the summer/winter seasons is easily solved by choosing the PC index in the winter polar cap (PCwinter) as the best characteristic of the polar cap magnetic activity. At present the PC index is successfully applied to validate the utility of SW data presented at OMNI website (i.e. to verify whether or not the solar wind, measured in the Lagrange point, encountered the magnetosphere in reality). A special procedure agreed by the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (responsible for production of PCS index) and DTU Space (responsible for production of PCN index) ensures the calculation of the 1-min PC indices in quasi-real time based on data of magnetic observations at the polar cap stations Vostok (Antarctic) and Qaanaaq (Greenland).

импульсы динамического давленияиндекс магнитной активностиионосфераcолнечный ветермагнитосферамагнитные бури и суббуримежпланетное электрическое полемониторинг и наукастингпоказатель энергииполярные шапкипродольные электрические токиdynamic pressure impulsesenergy indicatorfield-aligned currentsinterplanetary electric fieldmagnetosphereionospheremagnetic stormsmonitoring and nowcastinpolar cap magnetic activitySolar windsubstormsThe work was supported by grant 18-05-80004 from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR). The solar wind and IMF data were obtained from the GSFC/SPDF OMNI/Web interface at http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov. The AL indices were provided by WDC-C2 Kyoto (http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/wdc). The PC indices are produced by data from northern (PCN) and southern (PCS) polar caps. The 1-min PCS and PCN indices calculated by the unified method in AARI and in the Space Institute of the Danish Technical University (DTU) are published on-line at site: http://pcindex.org.ReferencesNewell P.T., Sotirelis T., Liou K., Meng C.I., Rich F.J. A nearly universal solar wind–magnetosphere coupling function inferred from 10 magnetospheric state variables. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112: A01206. doi:10.1029/2006JA012015.Newell P.T., Sotirelis T., Liou K., Meng C.I., Rich F.J. A nearly universal solar wind–magnetosphere coupling function inferred from 10 magnetospheric state variables. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112: A01206. doi:10.1029/2006JA012015.Newell P.T., Sotirelis T., Liou, Rich F.J. Pairs of solar wind-magnetosphere coupling functions: combining a merging term wih a viscous term works best. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113: A04218. doi:10.1029/2007JA012825.Newell P.T., Sotirelis T., Liou, Rich F.J. Pairs of solar wind-magnetosphere coupling functions: combining a merging term wih a viscous term works best. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113: A04218. doi:10.1029/2007JA012825.Troshichev O.A., Andrezen V.G. The relationship between interplanetary quantities and magnetic activity in the southern polar cap. Planet Space Sci. 1985, 33: 415–419.Troshichev O.A., Andrezen V.G. The relationship between interplanetary quantities and magnetic activity in the southern polar cap. Planet Space Sci. 1985, 33: 415–419.Troshichev O.A., Andrezen V.G., Vennerstrøm S., Friis-Christensen E. Magnetic activity in the polar cap – A new index. Planet Space Sci. 1988, 36: 1095–1102.Troshichev O.A., Andrezen V.G., Vennerstrøm S., Friis-Christensen E. Magnetic activity in the polar cap – A new index. Planet Space Sci. 1988, 36: 1095–1102.Obayashi T. The interaction of solar plasma with geomagnetic field, disturbed conditions. Solar terrestrial physics, eds King J.W. London: Newman W.S. Academic Press, 1967: 107.Obayashi T. The interaction of solar plasma with geomagnetic field, disturbed conditions. Solar terrestrial physics, eds King J.W. London: Newman W.S. Academic Press, 1967: 107.Nishida A. Geomagnetic DP2 fluctuations and associated magnetospheric phenomena. J. Geophys. Res. 1968a, 73: 1795–1803.Nishida A. Geomagnetic DP2 fluctuations and associated magnetospheric phenomena. J. Geophys. Res. 1968a, 73: 1795–1803.Nishida A. Coherence of geomagnetic DP2 fluctuations with interplanetary magnetic variations. J. Geophys. Res. 1968b, 73: 5549–5559.Nishida A. Coherence of geomagnetic DP2 fluctuations with interplanetary magnetic variations. J. Geophys. Res. 1968b, 73: 5549–5559.Nishida A. Interplanetary origin of electric fields in the magnetosphere. Cosmic Electrodyn. 1971, 2: 350–374.Nishida A. Interplanetary origin of electric fields in the magnetosphere. Cosmic Electrodyn. 1971, 2: 350–374.Troshichev O.A. Polar magnetic disturbances and field-aligned currents. Space Sci. Rev. 1982, 32: 275–360.Troshichev O.A. Polar magnetic disturbances and field-aligned currents. Space Sci. Rev. 1982, 32: 275–360.Langel R.A. Relation of variations in total magnetic field at high latitude with parameters of the IMF and with DP2 fluctuations. J. Geophys. Res. 1975, 80: 1261–1270.Langel R.A. Relation of variations in total magnetic field at high latitude with parameters of the IMF and with DP2 fluctuations. J. Geophys. Res. 1975, 80: 1261–1270.McDiarmid I.B., Burrows J.R., Wilson M.D. Reverse polarity field-aligned currents at high latitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 1977, 82: 1513–1518.McDiarmid I.B., Burrows J.R., Wilson M.D. Reverse polarity field-aligned currents at high latitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 1977, 82: 1513–1518.Iijima T., Potemra T.A. The relationship between interplanetary quantities and Birkeland current densities. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1982, 4: 442–445.Iijima T., Potemra T.A. The relationship between interplanetary quantities and Birkeland current densities. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1982, 4: 442–445.Bythrow P.F., Potemra T.A. The relationship of total Birkeland currents to the merging electric field. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1983, 10: 573–576.Bythrow P.F., Potemra T.A. The relationship of total Birkeland currents to the merging electric field. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1983, 10: 573–576.Kan J.R., Lee L.C. Energy coupling function and solar wind-magnetosphere dynamo. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1979, 6: 577–580.Kan J.R., Lee L.C. Energy coupling function and solar wind-magnetosphere dynamo. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1979, 6: 577–580.Troshichev O., Janzhura A., Stauning P. Unified PCN and PCS indices: Method of calculation, physical sense and dependence on the IMF azimuthal and northward components. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111: A05208. doi:10.1029/2005JA011402.Troshichev O., Janzhura A., Stauning P. Unified PCN and PCS indices: Method of calculation, physical sense and dependence on the IMF azimuthal and northward components. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111: A05208. doi:10.1029/2005JA011402.Troshichev O., Janzhura A. Space weather monitoring by ground-based means: PC index. Springer, Berlin: Heidelberg Verlag, 2012: 288 p. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16803-1.Troshichev O., Janzhura A. Space weather monitoring by ground-based means: PC index. Springer, Berlin: Heidelberg Verlag, 2012: 288 p. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16803-1.Akasofu S.I. The development of the auroral substorms. Planet Space Sci. 1964, 12: 273–282.Akasofu S.I. The development of the auroral substorms. Planet Space Sci. 1964, 12: 273–282.Davis T.N., Sugiura M. Auroral electrojet activity AE and its universal time variations. J. Geophys. Res. 1966, 71: 785–798.Davis T.N., Sugiura M. Auroral electrojet activity AE and its universal time variations. J. Geophys. Res. 1966, 71: 785–798.Troshichev O.A. Polar cap magnetic activity (PC index) and space weather monitoring. Editions universitaires europeennes, 2017: 140 p.Troshichev O.A. Polar cap magnetic activity (PC index) and space weather monitoring. Editions universitaires europeennes, 2017: 140 p.Troshichev O., Sormakov D., Behlke R. Relationship between PC index and magnetospheric field-aligned currents measured by Swarm satellites. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2018, 168: 37–47. doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.12.020.Troshichev O., Sormakov D., Behlke R. Relationship between PC index and magnetospheric field-aligned currents measured by Swarm satellites. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2018, 168: 37–47. doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.12.020.Ritter P., Lühr H., Rauberg. Determining field-aligned currents with the Swarm constellation mission. Earth Planets Space. 2013, 65: 1285–1294. doi:10.5047/eps.2013.09.006.Ritter P., Lühr H., Rauberg. Determining field-aligned currents with the Swarm constellation mission. Earth Planets Space. 2013, 65: 1285–1294. doi:10.5047/eps.2013.09.006.Lühr H., Park J., Gjerloev J.W., et al. Field-aligned currents’ scale analysis performed with the Swarm constellation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2015, 42: 1–8, doi:10.1002/2014GL062453.Lühr H., Park J., Gjerloev J.W., et al. Field-aligned currents’ scale analysis performed with the Swarm constellation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2015, 42: 1–8, doi:10.1002/2014GL062453.Zmuda A.J., Armstrong J.C. The diurnal flow pattern of field-aligned currents. J. Geophys. Res. 1974, 79: 4611–4519.Zmuda A.J., Armstrong J.C. The diurnal flow pattern of field-aligned currents. J. Geophys. Res. 1974, 79: 4611–4519.Iijima, T., Potemra T.A. The amplitude distribution of field-aligned currents at northern high latitudes observed by Triad. J. Geophys. Res. 1976a, 81: 2165–2174.Iijima, T., Potemra T.A. The amplitude distribution of field-aligned currents at northern high latitudes observed by Triad. J. Geophys. Res. 1976a, 81: 2165–2174.Iijima T., Potemra T.A. Field-aligned currents in the day-side cusp observed by Triad. J. Geophys. Res. 1976b, 81: 5971–5979.Iijima T., Potemra T.A. Field-aligned currents in the day-side cusp observed by Triad. J. Geophys. Res. 1976b, 81: 5971–5979.Chapman S., Ferraro V.C. A new theory of magnetic storms: I. Initial phase. Terr. Magn. Atmos. Elec. 1932, 37: 147–156.Chapman S., Ferraro V.C. A new theory of magnetic storms: I. Initial phase. Terr. Magn. Atmos. Elec. 1932, 37: 147–156.Stepanova M., Antonova E., Troshichev O. Prediction of Dst variations from Polar Cap indices using time-delay neural network. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2005, 67: 1658–1664.Stepanova M., Antonova E., Troshichev O. Prediction of Dst variations from Polar Cap indices using time-delay neural network. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2005, 67: 1658–1664.Richardson I., Cane H. List of Near-Earth Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICME) for 1997–2015 (Catalogue). 2015.Richardson I., Cane H. List of Near-Earth Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICME) for 1997–2015 (Catalogue). 2015.Jian L. List of Stream Interaction Regions (SIR) for 1995–2009 (Catalogue). 2009.29 Jian L. List of Stream Interaction Regions (SIR) for 1995–2009 (Catalogue). 2009.Vokhmyanin M.V., Stepanov N.A., Sergeev V.A. On the evaluation of data quality in the OMNI interplanetary magnetic field database. Space Weather. 2019, 17: 476–486. doi. org/10.1029/2018SW/002113.Vokhmyanin M.V., Stepanov N.A., Sergeev V.A. On the evaluation of data quality in the OMNI interplanetary magnetic field database. Space Weather. 2019, 17: 476–486. doi. org/10.1029/2018SW/002113.Du A.M., Tsurutani B.T., Sun W. Anomalous geomagnetic storm of 21-22 January 2005: A storm main phase during northward IMF. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113: A10214. doi: 10.1029/2006JA013284.Du A.M., Tsurutani B.T., Sun W. Anomalous geomagnetic storm of 21-22 January 2005: A storm main phase during northward IMF. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113: A10214. doi: 10.1029/2006JA013284.Lee D.Y., Choi K.C., Ohtani S., Lee J.H., Kim K.C., Park K.S., Kim K.H. Can intense substorms occur under northward IMF conditions? J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115: A01211. doi: 10.1029/2009JA014480.Lee D.Y., Choi K.C., Ohtani S., Lee J.H., Kim K.C., Park K.S., Kim K.H. Can intense substorms occur under northward IMF conditions? J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115: A01211. doi: 10.1029/2009JA014480.Troshichev O.A., Sormakov D.A. PC index as a proxy of the solar wind energy that entered into the magnetosphere: 4. Relationship between the solar wind dynamic pressure (PSW) impulses and PC, AL indices. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2019, 182: 200–210. doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.12.001.Troshichev O.A., Sormakov D.A. PC index as a proxy of the solar wind energy that entered into the magnetosphere: 4. Relationship between the solar wind dynamic pressure (PSW) impulses and PC, AL indices. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2019, 182: 200–210. doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.12.001.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.