aariПроблемы Арктики и АнтарктикиArctic and Antarctic Research0555-26482618-6713Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт10.30758/0555-2648-2023-69-1-10-28aari-496Research ArticleОКЕАНОЛОГИЯOCEANOLOGYВозможности исследования возрастных характеристик льда Карского моря на основе спутниковых данных СryoSat-2 и SMOSPossibilities of investigating ice development of the Kara sea based on CryoSat-2 and SMOS dataКирилловВ. В.KirillovV. V.

Барнаул

Barnaul

ЛовцкаяО. В.LovtskayaO. V.

Барнаул

Barnaul

ДевятаевО. С.DevyataevO. S.

Санкт-Петербург

St. Petersburg

АфанасьеваЕ. В.AfanasyevaE. V.

Санкт-Петербург

Москва

St. Petersburg

Moscow

СиницкийА. И.SinitskyA. I.

Салехард

Salekhard

ХвороваЛ. А.KhvorovaL. A.

Барнаул

Barnaul

ФокинД. С.FokinD. S.

Барнаул

Barnaul

СемчуковА. Н.SemchukovA. N.

Барнаул

Barnaul

КовешниковМ. И.KoveshnikovM. I.

Барнаул

Barnaul

КовалевскаяН. М.KovalevskayaN. M.

Барнаул

Barnaul

knm@iwep.ruФГБУН Институт водных и экологических проблем СО РАНРоссияFederal state budgetary institution of science Institute for Water and Environmental Problems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IWEP SB RAS)Russian FederationГНЦ РФ Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институтРоссияState Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Arctic and Antarctic Research InstituteRussian FederationГНЦ РФ Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт; ФГБУН Институт космических исследований РАНРоссияState Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute; Federal state budgetary institution of science Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI)Russian FederationГАУ ЯНАО Научный центр изучения АрктикиРоссияArctic Research Center of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous DistrictRussian FederationФГБОУ ВО Алтайский государственный университетРоссияFederal state budgetary educational institution of higher education Altai State UniversityRussian Federation2023310320236911028Copyright © Кириллов В.В., Ловцкая О.В., Девятаев О.С., Афанасьева Е.В., Синицкий А.И., Хворова Л.А., Фокин Д.С., Семчуков А.Н., Ковешников М.И., Ковалевская Н.М., 20232023Кириллов В.В., Ловцкая О.В., Девятаев О.С., Афанасьева Е.В., Синицкий А.И., Хворова Л.А., Фокин Д.С., Семчуков А.Н., Ковешников М.И., Ковалевская Н.М.Kirillov V.V., Lovtskaya O.V., Devyataev O.S., Afanasyeva E.V., Sinitsky A.I., Khvorova L.A., Fokin D.S., Semchukov A.N., Koveshnikov M.I., Kovalevskaya N.M.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.aaresearch.science/jour/article/view/496

Получение информации о пространственно-временной изменчивости распределения толщины льда — ключевой вопрос для прогноза состояния арктического морского льда. Несмотря на очевидные успехи применения данных CryoSat-2 и SMOS, соответствующие оценки толщин морского льда нуждаются в валидации. В качестве эталонов для сравнения на основе метода максимального правдоподобия были выбраны детализированные ледовые карты ААНИИ (октябрь–апрель 2010–2018 гг.). В статье приводятся результаты распознавания различных возрастных стадий льда Карского моря, наилучшие результаты по- казали многолетний, однолетний толстый, средний лед и нилас. Использование данных Cryosat-2, SMOS и их комбинации Cryosat-2 & SMOS может помочь в комплексном анализе всей доступной информации для гидрометеорологического и навигационного обеспечения.

Sea ice age is a proxy for thickness, which can be obtained through the use of satellite data. The paper presents the results of comparison of CryoSat-2, SMOS and CryoSat-2 & SMOS fusion data with detailed ice charts (October–April, 2010–2018). The AARI ice charts were chosen as references for comparison because they integrate knowledge and data from various sources, including expert analysis of operational satellite information, in-situ measurements at coastal stations, data on ice conditions from ships of the Northern Sea Route (NSR). The division of satellite data elements into classes (stages of development) was performed according to the maximum likelihood classifier. The recognition result for each stage of development was evaluated by means of three criteria, in accordance with the class value of Mode, Median and Mean. The effectiveness of satellite data in determining the Kara Sea ice thickness varies depending on the sea ice stage of development and winter season time. Four stages of development (old ice, thick first-year ice, medium first-year ice, nilas) showed the best recognition results. Although the CryoSat-2 mission was designed primarily to detect climate-dependent variations of the thickness of floating ice, in terms of statistical recognition of the Kara Sea ice stages of development, CryoSat-2 data can also be used to retrieve the thickness of thick first-year ice (January–April) and the thickness of medium first-year ice (January–February). For the remaining stages within the study area, the altimetry method shows a significant uncertainty, which can be resolved for nilas, thin first-year ice and medium first-year ice (March) by using SMOS data and CryoSat-2 & SMOS fusion data. In general, altimetric data, radiometric data and combination thereof can be applied in the complex analysis of all available information to ensure hydrometeorological and navigation support. Also, it is proposed to use the data of the ICESat-2 laser altimeter and to make a general comparison with in-situ measurements.

Карское морекомбинация CryoSat-2 & SMOSледовые карты ААНИИтолщина льдаCryoSat-2SMOSAARI ice mapsCryoSat-2CryoSat-2 & SMOS combinationice thicknessKara SeaSMOSРабота выполнена в рамках государственного задания ИВЭП СО РАН (рег. № 121031200178-8) при финансовой поддержке Российского Центра освоения Арктики (г. Салехард, Россия). Благодарности. Авторы выражают благодарность В.М. Смоляницкому за консультации при работе с объектами портала ААНИИ. Обработка данных CryoSat-2 (толщина льда) финансируется Министерством экономики и энергетики Германии (грант: 50EE1008). Обработка данных SMOS и CryoSat-2& SMOS (толщина льда) финансируется проектом ESA SMOS & CryoSat-2 Sea Ice Data Product Processing and Dissemination Service. Для получения данных за период 01.10.2010 — 30.04.2018 использован портал https://www.meereisportal.de, последний доступ: 01.08.2022 (грант: REKLIM-2013-04)Funding. This work was carried out within the framework of the Research Program of IWEP SB RAS (Project 121031200178-8) and funded by Russian Center for Arctic Development (Salekhard, Russia). Acknowledgments. The authors wish to express their thanks to Vasily M. Smolyanitsky for expert advice in working with objects of the AARI portal. The processing of CryoSat-2 (sea ice thickness) data is funded by the German Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy (grant: 50EE1008). The production of the SMOS sea ice thickness data and the combination of CryoSat-2 and SMOS data were funded by the ESA project SMOS & CryoSat-2 Sea Ice Data Product Processing and Dissemination Service. Data from 01.10.2010 to 30.04.2018 was obtained from https://www.meereisportal.de (grant: REKLIM-2013-04).ReferencesГудкович З.М., Карклин В.П., Ковалев Е.Г., Смоляницкий В.М., Фролов И.Е. Изменения морского ледяного покрова и других составляющих климатической системы в Арктике и Антарктике в связи с эволюцией полярных вихрей // Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики. 2008. № 1 (78). С. 48–58.Gudkovich Z.M., Кarklin V.P., Кovalev Ye.G, Smolyanitsky V.М., Frolov I.E. Changes of sea ice cover and other climatic system components in the Arctic and the Antarctic related to evolution of polar eddies. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki. Arctic and Antarctic Research. 2008, 1 (78): 48–58. [In Russian].Walsh J.E., Fetterer F., Stewart J.S., Chapman W.L. A database for depicting Arctic sea ice variations back to 1850 // Geographical Review. 2017. V. 107 (1). P. 89–107. doi: 10.1111/j.1931-0846.2016.12195.x.Walsh J.E., Fetterer F., Stewart J.S., Chapman W.L. A database for depicting Arctic sea ice variations back to 1850. Geographical Review. 2017, 107 (1): 89–107. doi: 10.1111/j.1931-0846.2016.12195.x.IPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2021. 2391 p. doi: 10.1017/9781009157896.IPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2021: 2391 p. doi: 10.1017/9781009157896.Kwok R. Arctic sea ice thickness, volume, and multiyear ice coverage: Losses and coupled variability (1958–2018) // Environ. Res. Lett. V. 13. 105005. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aae3ec.Kwok R. Arctic sea ice thickness, volume, and multiyear ice coverage: Losses and coupled variability (1958–2018). Environmental Research Letters. 2018, 13: 105005. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aae3ec.Lindsay R., Schweiger A. Arctic sea ice thickness loss determined using subsurface, aircraft, and satellite observations // The Cryosphere. 2015. V. 9 (1). P. 269–283. doi:10.5194/tc-9-269-2015.Lindsay R., Schweiger A. Arctic sea ice thickness loss determined using subsurface, aircraft, and satellite observations. The Cryosphere. 2015, 9 (1): 269–283. doi: 10.5194/tc-9-269-2015.Фролов И.Е., Гудкович З.М., Карклин В.П., Смоляницкий В.П., Клячкин С.В., Фролов С.В. Морской лед // Методы оценки последствий изменений климата для физических и биологи­ческих систем. М.: Росгидромет, 2012. С. 400–429.Frolov I.E., Gudkovich Z.M., Karklin V.P., Smolianitskii V.P., Kliachkin S.V., Frolov S.V. Sea ice. Methods for assessing the effects of climate change on physical and biological systems. Moscow: Rosgidromet, 2012: 400–429. [In Russian].Афанасьева Е.В., Алексеева Т.А., Соколова Ю.В., Демчев Д.М., Чуфарова М.С., Быченков Ю.Д., Девятаев О.С. Методика составления ледовых карт ААНИИ // Российская Арктика. 2019. № 7. С. 5–20.Afanasieva E.V., Alekseeva T.A., Sokolova J.V., Demchev D.M., Chufarova M.S., Bychenkov Yu.D., Devyataev O. S. Methodology for compiling ice maps of the AARI. Rossijskaja Arktika. Russian Arctic. 2019, 7: 5–20. doi: 10.24411/2658-4255-2019-10071.Moon T.A., Druckenmiller M.L., Thoman R.L. Eds. Arctic Report Card 2021. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Assotiation 2021. URL: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/34308 (дата обращения: 16.08.2022).Moon T.A., Druckenmiller M.L., Thoman R.L. Eds. Arctic Report Card 2021. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Assotiation 2021. Available at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/34308 (accessed 16.08.2022).Tschudi M.A., Stroeve J.C., Stewart J.S. Relating the Age of Arctic Sea Ice to its Thickness, as Measured during NASA’s ICESat and IceBridge Campaigns // Remote Sensing. 2016. V. 8 (6). P. 457. doi: 10.3390/rs8060457.Tschudi M.A., Stroeve J.C., Stewart J.S. Relating the age of Arctic Sea ice to its thickness, as measured during NASA’s ICESat and IceBridge campaigns. Remote Sensing. 2016, 8 (6): 457. doi: 10.3390/rs8060457.Zygmuntovska M. Arctic sea ice altimetry — Advances and current uncertainties. PhD thesis. Bergen: University of Bergen. 2014: 90 p.Zygmuntovska M. Arctic sea ice altimetry — Advances and current uncertainties. PhD thesis. Bergen: University of Bergen, 2014: 90 p.Thoman R. L.; J. Richter-Menge and M.L. Druckenmiller, Eds. Arctic Report Card 2020. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Assotiation 2020. URL: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/27827 (дата обращения: 16.08.2022).Thoman R. L.; J. Richter-Menge and M.L. Druckenmiller, Eds. Arctic Report Card 2020. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Assotiation 2020. Available at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/27827 (accessed 16.08.2022).Ricker R., Hendricks S., Helm V., Skourup H., Davidson M. Sensitivity of CryoSat-2 Arctic sea-ice freeboard and thickness on radar-waveform interpretation // The Cryosphere. 2014. V. 8. P. 1607–1622. doi: 10.5194/tc-8-1607-2014.Ricker R., Hendricks S., Helm V., Skourup H., Davidson M. Sensitivity of CryoSat-2 Arctic sea-ice freeboard and thickness on radar-waveform interpretation. The Cryosphere. 2014, 8: 1607–1622. doi: 10.5194/tc-8-1607-2014.Tian-Kunze X., Kaleschke L., Maaß N., Mäkynen M., Serra N., Drusch M., Krumpen T. SMOS-derived thin sea ice thickness: algorithm baseline, product specifications and initial verification // The Cryosphere. 2014. V. 8 (3). P. 997–1018. doi: 10.5194/tc-8-997-2014.Tian-Kunze X., Kaleschke L., Maaß N., Mäkynen M., Serra N., Drusch M., Krumpen T. SMOS-derived thin sea ice thickness: algorithm baseline, product specifications and initial verification. The Cryosphere. 2014, 8 (3): 997–1018. doi: 10.5194/tc-8-997-2014.Ricker R., Hendricks S., Kaleschke L., Tian-Kunze X., King J., Haas C. A weekly Arctic sea-ice thickness data record from merged CryoSat-2 and SMOS satellite data // The Cryosphere. 2017. V. 11. P. 1607–1623. doi: 10.5194/tc-11-1607-2017.Ricker R., Hendricks S., Kaleschke L., Tian-Kunze X., King J., Haas C. A weekly Arctic sea-ice thickness data record from merged CryoSat-2 and SMOS satellite data. The Cryosphere. 2017, 11: 1607–1623. doi: 10.5194/tc-11-1607-2017.Экологическая ценность и уязвимость зоны кромки льда / Ред. Сесилие Х. фон-Квильфельт // Краткий отчет Норвежского полярного института № 47. 2018. 286 c. URL: https://www. barentsportal.com/documents/MIZ_RU.pdf (дата обращения: 16.08.2022).Sesilie Kh. fon-Kvil’fel’t. Kratkii otchet Norvezhskogo poliarnogo instituta. Summary report of the Norwegian Polar Institute. 2018, 47: 286 p. Available at: https://www.barentsportal.com/documents/MIZ_RU.pdf (accessed 16.08.2022). [In Russian].Ronkainen I., Lehtiranta J., Lensu M., Rinne E., Haapala J., Haas C. Interannual sea ice thickness variability in the Bay of Bothnia // The Cryosphere. 2018. V. 12. P. 3459–3476. doi: 10.5194/tc-12-3459-2018.Ronkainen I., Lehtiranta J., Lensu M., Rinne E., Haapala J., Haas C. Interannual sea ice thickness variability in the Bay of Bothnia. The Cryosphere. 2018, 12: 3459–3476. doi: 10.5194/tc-12-3459-2018.Смоляницкий В.М., Тюряков А.Б., Фильчук К.В., Фролов И.Е. Сравнительный анализ прямых измерений толщин льда и высот снега, наблюдений Cryosat-2 и численных оценок системы PIOMAS // Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики. 2020. Т. 66. № 3. С. 337–348. doi: org/10.30758/0555-2648-2020-66-3-337-348.Smolyanitsky V.M., Turyakov A.B., Filchuk K.V., Frolov I.E. Comparison of direct measurements of sea ice thickness and snow height, CryoSat-2 observations and PIOMAS numerical estimates. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki. Arctic and Antarctic Research. 2020, 66 (3): 337–348. https://doi.org/10.30758/0555-2648-2020-66-3-337-348. [In Russian].Belter H.J., Krumpen T., Hendricks S., Hoelemann J., Janout M.A., Ricker R., Haas C. Satellite-based sea ice thickness changes in the Laptev Sea from 2002 to 2017: comparison to mooring observations // The Cryosphere. 2020. V. 14. P. 2189–2203. doi: 10.5194/tc-14-2189-2020.Belter H.J., Krumpen T., Hendricks S., Hoelemann J., Janout M.A., Ricker R., Haas C. Satellite-based sea ice thickness changes in the Laptev Sea from 2002 to 2017: comparison to mooring observations. The Cryosphere. 2020, 14: 2189–2203. doi: 10.5194/tc-14-2189-2020,2020.Sea ice nomenclature. Terminology and codes // WMO. № 259. V. 1. Geneva, 2017. doi: 10.25607/OBP-1515.Sea ice nomenclature. Terminology and codes. WMO. № 259. V. 1. Geneva, 2017. doi: 10.25607/OBP-1515Карклин В.П., Хотченков С.В., Юлин А.В., Смоляницкий В.М. Сезонные изменения воз­растного состава льдов в северо-восточной части Карского моря в осенне-зимний период // Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики. 2016. № 4 (110). С. 41–50.Karklin V.P., Hotchenkov S.V., Yulin A.V., Smolyanitsky V.M. Seasonal changes in the stages of sea ice development in northeast part of the Kara sea during the autumn and winter period. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki. Arctic and Antarctic Research. 2016, 110 (4): 41–50. [In Russian].Карклин В.П., Хотченков С.В., Юлин А.В., Смоляницкий В.М. Формирование возрастного состава льда в юго-западной части Карского моря в осенне-зимний период // Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики. 2017. № 3 (113). С. 16–26. doi: 10.30758/0555-2648-2017-0-3-16-26.Karklin V.P., Hotchenkov S.V., Yulin A.V., Smolyanitsky V.M. Formation of the stages of sea ice development composition in the south-western part of the Kara sea during autumn-winter season. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki. Arctic and Antarctic Research. 2017, 113 (3): 16–26. doi: 10.30758/0555-2648-2017-0-3-16-26. [In Russian].Richter-Menge J., Druckenmiller M.L., Jeffries M. Eds. 2019: Arctic Report Card 2019. URL: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/837/About-Arctic-Report-Card-2019 (дата обращения: 16.08.2022).Richter-Menge J., Druckenmiller M.L., Jeffries M. Eds. 2019: Arctic Report Card 2019. Available at: https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019/ArtMID/7916/ArticleID/837/About-Arctic-Report-Card-2019 (accessed 16.08.2022).Атлас ледяных образований / Под общей редакцией В.М. Смоляницкого. СПб.: ААНИИ, 2019. 232 с.Atlas ledjanyh obrazovanij. Ed. V. Smolyanitsky. Atlas of ice formations. Ed. V. Smolyanitsky. St. Petersburg: Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, 2019: 232 p. [In Russian].Gray L., Burgess D., Copland L., Langley K., Gogineni P., Paden J., Leuschen C., van As D., Fausto R., Joughin I., Smith B. Measuring Height Change Around the Periphery of the Greenland Ice Sheet With Radar Altimetry // Frontiers in Earth Science. 2019. V. 7. P. 1–14. doi: 10.3389/feart.2019.00146.Gray L., Burgess D., Copland L., Langley K., Gogineni P., Paden J., Leuschen C., van As D., Fausto R., Joughin I., Smith B. Measuring height change around the periphery of the Greenland Ice Sheet with radar altimetry. Frontiers in Earth Science. 2019, 7: 1–14. doi: 10.3389/feart.2019.00146.Schröder D., Feltham D.L., Tsamados M., Ridout A., Tilling R. New insight from CryoSat-2 sea ice thickness for sea ice modelling // The Cryosphere. 2019. V. 13. P. 125–139. doi: 10.5194/tc-13-125-2019.Schröder D., Feltham D.L., Tsamados M., Ridout. A., Tilling R. New insight from CryoSat-2 sea ice thickness for sea ice modelling. The Cryosphere. 2019, 13: 125–139. doi: 10.5194/tc-13-125-2019.Ricker R., Kauker F., Schweiger A., Hendricks S., Zhang J., Paul S. Evidence for an Increasing Role of Ocean Heat in Arctic Winter Sea Ice Growth // Journal of Climate. 2021. V. 34 (13). P. 5215–5227. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0848.1.Ricker R., Kauker F., Schweiger A., Hendricks S., Zhang J., Paul S. Evidence for an increasing role of Ocean heat in Arctic winter sea ice growth. Journal of Climate. 2021, 34 (13): 5215–5227. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0848.1.Wang X., Key J., Kwok R., Zhang J. Comparison of Arctic Sea Ice Thickness from Satellites, Aircraft, and PIOMAS Data // Remote Sensing. 2016. V. 8 (9). P. 713. doi: 10.3390/rs8090713.Wang X., Key J., Kwok R., Zhang J. Comparison of Arctic Sea Ice Thickness from Satellites, Aircraft, and PIOMAS Data. Remote Sensing. 2016, 8 (9):713. doi: 10.3390/rs8090713.Hendricks S., Ricker R., Paul S. Product User Guide & Algorithm Specification: AWI CryoSat-2 Sea Ice Thickness (version 2.4), 2021. URL: https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/54733/ (дата обращения: 16.08.2022).Hendricks S., Ricker R., Paul S. Product User Guide & Algorithm Specification: AWI CryoSat-2 Sea Ice Thickness (version 2.4). 2021. URL: https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/54733/ (дата обращения: 16.08.2022).Duda R., Hart P. Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis. NY.: John Willey & Sons, 1973. 284 p.Duda R., Hart P. Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis. NY.: John Willey & Sons, 1973: 284 p.Полякова В.В., Шаброва Н.В. Основы теории статистики. Екатеринбург: Изд-во Урал. ун-та, 2015. 148 с.Poliakova V.V., Shabrova N.V. Osnovy teorii statistiki. Fundamentals of Statistical Theory. Ekaterinburg: Izdatel’stvo Ural’skogo universiteta, 2015: 148 p. [In Russian].Реброва О.Ю. Статистический анализ медицинских данных. Применение пакета прикладных программ STATISTICA. М.: МедиаСфера, 2002. 312 с.Rebrova O.Iu. Statisticheskij analiz medicinskih dannyh. Primenenie paketa prikladnyh programm STATISTICA. Statistical analysis of medical data. Application of the STATISTICA application package. Moscow: MediaSfera, 2002: 312 p. [In Russian].Иванов Р.В., Полубелов Д.А., Соболева А.А. Характеристика ледовых условий работы гидрографических судов в Карском море // Вестник Государственного университета мор­ского и речного флота имени адмирала С. О. Макарова. 2018. Т. 10. № 6. С. 1211–1224. doi: 10.21821/2309-5180-2018-10-6-1211-1224.Ivanov R.V., Polubelov D.A., Soboleva A.A. Ice condition features of hydrographic vessels for work in the Kara Sea. Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S. O. Makarova. Bulletin of the State University of the Sea and River Fleet named after Admiral S. O. Makarov. 2018, 10 (6): 1211–1224. doi: 10.21821/2309-5180-2018-10-6-1211-1224. [In Russian].

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.