aariПроблемы Арктики и АнтарктикиArctic and Antarctic Research0555-26482618-6713Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт10.30758/0555-2648-2023-69-2-157-170aari-528Research ArticleГИДРОЛОГИЯ СУШИ И ГИДРОХИМИЯHYDROLOGY OF LAND AND HYDROCHEMISTRYМетодика инвентаризации приледниковых озер архипелага ШпицбергенInventory methodology of periglacial lakes in Spitzbergen (Svalbard)РомашоваК. В.RomashovaK. V.

Санкт-Петербург

St. Petersburg

hydrology2@aari.ruЧерновР. А.ChernovR. A.

Москва

Moscow

ГНЦ РФ Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институтРоссияState Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Arctic and Antarctic Research InstituteRussian FederationИнститут географии РАНРоссияInstitute of Geography, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202312072023692157170Copyright © Ромашова К.В., Чернов Р.А., 20232023Ромашова К.В., Чернов Р.А.Romashova K.V., Chernov R.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.aaresearch.science/jour/article/view/528

На основе картографических материалов Норвежского полярного института предложена методика поиска и инвентаризации приледниковых озер архипелага Шпицберген. Их формирование обусловлено дегляциацией, продолжающейся с начала ХХ в. Инвентаризация приледниковых озер архипелага позволяет фиксировать их текущие морфометрические характеристики для исследования климатических изменений в будущем.

По состоянию на 2008–2012 гг. на архипелаге выявлено 705 приледниковых озер. Их распространение охватывает все области архипелага, где отмечено отступание ледников. В юго-западной (ЮЗ) и северо-западной (СЗ) частях архипелага в области горного оледенения большинство приледниковых озер сгруппировано на моренах горно-долинных ледников близ побережья. В восточной (В) части архипелага приледниковые озера рассредоточены вдоль границ покровного оледенения, и большинство из них имеют контакт с ледником. Согласно предложенным признакам местоположения и условию подпруживания ледником или мореной, было выделено 5 типов озер. Описание типов и средние характеристики приледниковых озер представлены для трех климатических районов Шпицбергена (В, СЗ, ЮЗ). Практически равное количество озер с формирующимися (ледяными) и уже сформированными берегами указывает на активную фазу процесса распространения и увеличения площади приледниковых озер на архипелаге.

The paper discusses periglacial lakes, which were formed after the Little Ice Age due to the reduction of Spitzbergen (Svalbard) glaciation. A method for inventorying the periglacial lakes in Spitzbergen (Svalbard) is proposed based on the Norwegian Polar Institute cartographic materials and remote sensing methods. Such lakes have been formed due to deglaciation in Svalbard since the beginning of the 20th century after the Little Ice Age. Three morphological features of the periglacial lake were used as selection criteria: the lake is in contact with the glacier, the lake is located within the terminal moraine or borders on it, each of which is sufficient.

As a result of the inventory, 705 periglacial lakes have been found in Spitzbergen (Svalbard). The largest number of lakes is located in the northeastern part of the archipelago, where the relief is poorly dissected. The largest clusters of lakes are found on the moraines of mountain-valley glaciers located on the warmer western coasts. The periglacial lakes were divided into 5 types: glacier-dammed lakes (19 %), lakes in contact with the glacier front (30 %), thermokarst lakes on the moraine (27 %), moraine-dammed lakes (15 %) and lakes in contact with the terminal moraine (9 %). The most numerous were periglacial lakes adjoining the glacier (about 50 %). Their total area is 162 km2 and accounts for 87 % of the total area of all periglacial lakes. The other half of the lakes have formed shores, and their transformation is likely to be much slower in the future. The quantitative ratio of lake types testifies to the active phase of the process of lake expansion in the archipelago. This ratio of lakes by groups can be a clear indicator of climate change in the archipelago.

дистанционные методыозерностьтип приледникового озераШпицбергенlake percentageremote methodsSpitzbergen (Svalbard)type of periglacial lakeРазработка методики поиска и инвентаризации приледниковых озер Шпицбергена и анализ данных выполнены при поддержке гранта РНФ № 23-27-00312 «Формирование приледниковых озер архипелага Шпицберген в условиях изменения климата».The development of the search and inventory methodology of the Spitzbergen (Svalbard) periglacial lakes and data analysis were supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 23-27-00312. «Formation of periglacial lakes of the Svalbard under the conditions of climate change».ReferencesMangerund J., Svendsen J.I. Deglaciation chronology inferred from marine sediments in a proglacial lake basin, western Spitsbergen, Svalbard // Boreas. 1990. V. 19. № 3. P. 249–272.Mangerund J., Svendsen J.I. Deglaciation chronology inferred from marine sediments in a proglacial lake basin, western Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Boreas. 1990, 19 (3): 249–272.Førland E.J., Benestad R.E., Hanssen-Bauer I., Haugen J.E., Skaugen T.E. Temperature and precipitation development at Svalbard 1900–2100 // Advances in Meteorology. 2011. V. 17. P. 1–14. doi.org: 10.1155/2011/893790.Førland E.J., Benestad R.E., Hanssen-Bauer I., Haugen J.E., Skaugen T.E. Temperature and precipitation development at Svalbard 1900–2100. Advances in Meteorology. 2011, 2011: 1–14. doi. org: 10.1155/2011/893790.Kohler J., James T.D., Murray T., Nuth C., Brandt O., Barrand N.E., Aas H.F., Luckman A. Acceleration in thinning rate on western Svalbard glaciers // Geophys. Research Letters. 2007. V. 34. № 18. L18502. doi.org: 10.1029/2007GL030681.Kohler J., James T.D., Murray T., Nuth C., Brandt O., Barrand N.E., Aas H.F., Luckman A. Acceleration in thinning rate on western Svalbard glaciers. Geophys. Research Letters. 2007, 34 (18): L18502. doi.org: 10.1029/2007GL030681.Nuth C., Kohler J., König M., von Deschwanden A., Hagen J.O., Kääb A., Moholdt G., Pettersson R. Decadal changes from a multi-temporal glacier inventory of Svalbard // The Cryosphere. 2013. V. 7. P. 1603–1621. doi.org: 10.5194/tc-7-1603-2013.Nuth C., Kohler J., König M., von Deschwanden A., Hagen J.O., Kääb A., Moholdt G., Pettersson R. Decadal changes from a multi-temporal glacier inventory of Svalbard. The Cryosphere. 2013, 7: 1603–1621. doi.org: 10.5194/tc-7-1603-2013.Harrison S., Karge J.S., Hugge, C., Reynolds J., Shugar D.H., Betts R.A., Emmer A., Glasser N., Haritashya U.K., Klimeš J., Reinhardt L., Schaub Y., Wiltshire A., Regmi D., Vilímek V. Climate change and the global pattern of moraine-dammed glacial lake outburst floods // The Cryosphere. 2018. V. 12. P. 1195–1209. doi.org: 10.5194/tc-12-1195-2018.Harrison S., Karge J.S., Hugge, C., Reynolds J., Shugar D.H., Betts R.A., Emmer A., Glasser N., Haritashya U.K., Klimeš J., Reinhardt L., Schaub Y., Wiltshire A., Regmi D., Vilímek V. Climate change and the global pattern of moraine-dammed glacial lake outburst floods. The Cryosphere. 2018, 12: 1195–1209. doi.org: 10.5194/tc-12-1195-2018.Carrivick J.L., Fiona S.T. A review of glacier outburst floods in Iceland and Greenland with a megafloods perspective // Earth-Science Reviews. 2019. № 196. P. 102876. doi.org:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102876.Carrivick J.L., Fiona S.T. A review of glacier outburst floods in Iceland and Greenland with a megafloods perspective. Earth-Science Reviews. 2019, 196: 102876. doi.org: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102876.Schomacker A. Expansion of ice-marginal lakes at the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland, from 1999 to 2009 // Geomorphology. 2010. V. 119. № 3–4. P. 232–236. doi.org: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.03.022.Schomacker A. Expansion of ice-marginal lakes at the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland, from 1999 to 2009. Geomorphology. 2010, 119 (3–4): 232–236. doi.org: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.03.022.Liestøl O., Repp K., Wold B. Supra-glacial lakes in Spitsbergen // Nor. Geogr. Tidsskr. 1980. № 34 (2). P. 89–92.Liestøl O., Repp K., Wold B. Supra-glacial lakes in Spitsbergen. Nor. Geogr. Tidsskr. 1980, 34 (2): 89–92.Mohanty L., Maiti S., Dixit A. Spatio-temporal assessment of regional scale evolution and distribution of glacial lakes in Himalaya // Frontiers in Earth Science. 2023. V. 10. P. 1038777. doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.1038777.Mohanty L., Maiti S., Dixit A. Spatio-temporal assessment of regional scale evolution and distribution of glacial lakes in Himalaya. Frontiers in Earth Science. 2023, 10: 1038777. doi.org: 10.3389/feart.2022.1038777.Strozzi T., Wiesmann A., Kääb A., Joshi S., Mool P. Glacial lake mapping with very high resolution satellite SAR data // Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2012. V. 12. № 8. P. 2487–2498. doi.org: 10.5194/nhess-12-2487-2012, 2012.Strozzi T., Wiesmann A., Kääb A., Joshi S., Mool P. Glacial lake mapping with very high resolution satellite SAR data. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2012, 12 (8): 2487–2498. doi.org: 10.5194/nhess-12-2487-2012, 2012.Paltan H., Dash J., Edwards M. A refined mapping of Arctic lakes using Landsat imagery // International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2015. V. 36. № 23. P. 5970–5982. doi.org: 10.1080/01431161.2015.1110263.Paltan H., Dash J., Edwards M. A refined mapping of Arctic lakes using Landsat imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2015, 36 (23): 5970–5982. doi.org: 10.1080/01431161.2015.1110263.Чернов Р.А., Ромашова К.В. Современное состояние приледниковых озер архипелага Шпицберген // Криосфера Земли. 2022. Т. 26. № 1. С. 36–45. doi: 10.15372/KZ20220104.Chernov R.A., Romashova K.V. Current state of the proglacial lakes of the Svalbard. Kriosfera Zemli. Earth’s Cryosphere. 2022, 26 (1): 36–45. [In Russian]. doi.org: 10.15372/KZ20220104.Wieczorek I., Strzelecki M., Stachnik L., Yde J., Małecki J. Inventory and classification of the post Little Ice Age glacial lakes in Svalbard // The Cryosphere. Discussions. 2022. doi.org: 10.5194/tc-2021-364.Wieczorek I., Strzelecki M., Stachnik L., Yde J., Małecki J. Inventory and classification of the post Little Ice Age glacial lakes in Svalbard. The Cryosphere. Discussions. 2022. doi.org: 10.5194/tc-2021-364.Urbański J.A. Monitoring and classification of high Arctic lakes in the Svalbard Islands using remote sensing // International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 2022. V. 112. P. 102911. doi.org: 10.1016/j.jag.2022.102911.Urbański J. A. Monitoring and classification of high Arctic lakes in the Svalbard Islands using remote sensing. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 2022, 112: 102911. doi.org: 10.1016/j.jag.2022.102911.Ромашова К.В., Чернов Р.А. О формировании новых приледниковых озер в бассейне залива Грёнфьорд (Шпицберген) в 1938–2010 гг. // Лед и снег. 2022. Т. 62. № 2. С. 193–202. doi. org/10.31857/S2076673422020125.Romashova K.V, Chernov R.A. Formation of new periglacial lakes in the Grønfjord basin (Svalbard) in 1938–2010. Led i sneg. Ice and Snow. 2022, 62 (2): 193–202. [In Russian]. doi.org: 10.31857/S2076673422020125.Чернов Р.А., Муравьев А.Я. Современные изменения площади ледников западной части Земли Норденшельда (архипелаг Шпицберген) // Лед и снег. 2018. Т. 58. № 4. С. 462–472. doi. org: 10.15356/2076-6734-2018-4-462-472.Chernov R.A., Muraviev A.Y. Contemporary changes in the area of glaciers in the western part of the Nordenskjold Land (Svalbard). Led i sneg. Ice and Snow. 2018, 58 (4): 462–472. [In Russian]. doi.org: 10.15356/2076-6734-2018-4-462-472.Hanssen-Bauer I., Førland E.J., Hisdal H., Mayer S., Sandø A.B., Sorteberg A. (eds). Climate in Svalbard 2100 — a knowledge base for climate adaptation. Norway, Norwegian Centre of Climate Services (NCCS) for Norwegian Environment Agency (Miljødirektoratet). 2019. 208 p. (NCCS report 1/2019). doi.org: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10183.75687.Hanssen-Bauer I., Førland E.J., Hisdal H., Mayer S., Sandø A.B., Sorteberg A. (eds). Climate in Svalbard 2100 — a knowledge base for climate adaptation. Norway, Norwegian Centre of Climate Services (NCCS) for Norwegian Environment Agency (Miljødirektoratet). 2019: 208 p. (NCCS report 1/2019). doi.org: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10183.75687.Norwegian Polar Institute’s topographical Svalbard map service. URL: https://toposvalbard.npolar.no/ (дата обращения: 09.01.2023).Norwegian Polar Institute’s topographical Svalbard map service. Available at: https://toposvalbard.npolar.no/ (accessed 09.01.2023).Kartdata Svalbard 1:100 000 (S100 Kartdata) / Map Data [Data set]. Norwegian Polar Institute. 2014. doi.org: 10.21334/npolar.2014.645336c7.Kartdata Svalbard 1:100 000 (S100 Kartdata) / Map Data [Data set]. Norwegian Polar Institute. 2014. doi.org: 10.21334/npolar.2014.645336c7.Новицкий П.В., Зограф И.А. Оценка погрешностей результатов измерений. Л.: Энергоатомиздат, 1985. 248 с.Novitskii P.V., Zograf I.A. Otsenka pogreshnostei rezul’tatov izmerenii. Estimation of errors in measurement results, Leningrad: Energoatomizdat, 1985: 248 p. [In Russian].Рянжин С.В., Субетто Д.А., Кочков Н.В., Ахметова, Н.С., Вейнмейстер Н.В. Полярные озера мира: современные данные и состояние исследований // Водные ресурсы. 2010. Т. 37. № 4. С. 387–397. doi.org: 10.1134/S0097807810040019.Ryanzhin S.V., Subetto D.A., Kochkov N.V. et al. Polar Lakes of the World: Current Data and Status of Investigations. Vodnye resursy. Water Resources. 2010, 37 (4): 427–436. [In Russian]. doi. org: 10.1134/S0097807810040019.Kavan J., Wieczorek I., Tallentire G.D., Demidionov M., Uher J., Strzelecki M.C. Estimating Suspended Sediment Fluxes from the Largest Glacial Lake in Svalbard to Fjord System Using Sentinel-2 Data: Trebrevatnet Case Study // Water. 2022. V. 14. № 12. P. 1840. doi.org: 10.3390/w14121840.Kavan J., Wieczorek I., Tallentire G.D., Demidionov M., Uher J., Strzelecki M.C. Estimating Suspended Sediment Fluxes from the Largest Glacial Lake in Svalbard to Fjord System Using Sentinel-2 Data: Trebrevatnet Case Study. Water. 2022, 14 (12): 1840. doi.org: 10.3390/w14121840.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.