The global climate change and significantly increased anthropogenic pressure on the Arctic and Subarctic regions require modern ecosystem monitoring and understanding of the past environmental changes. Vegetation history is reflected by pollen spectra recorded in peat deposits, investigation of which is one of the main methods in the research of long-term climatic changes. In order to reconstruct the vegetation and fire history of today’s south tundra in the lower reaches of the Taz river, we carried out palynological exploration of peat and underlying lake sediments covering the last 11.2 cal ka BP in the Tazovsky district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Russia). In the course of the research, we found 31 pollen taxa, 4 taxa of spore plants, 2 types of fungal spores, one species of shell amoeba and green algae. We have identified several stages in the development of the local wetland biocenosis at the study site and reconstructed the history of changes in the vegetation cover of the region, including changes in the composition of the woody vegetation. Grasslands, with groups of trees among thickets of shrubs and lake-mire complexes dominated in the study area by 11.2 cal ka BP. The grasslands were gradually supplemented by wet grass communities, which were then replaced by swamps and tundra complexes in the mid-Holocene. The time periods of the local fires have been established. The fire that had the greatest effect on the vegetation at the study site was detected in the period of 8.1 cal ka BP. We have revealed periods of the least fire activity – 7.6–5.5 cal ka BP and the highest fire activity – 12.5–8 cal ka BP.