aariПроблемы Арктики и АнтарктикиArctic and Antarctic Research0555-26482618-6713Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт10.30758/0555-2648-2024-70-4-460-476aari-665Research ArticleГЛЯЦИОЛОГИЯ И КРИОЛОГИЯGLACIOLOGY AND CRYOLOGY OF THE EARTHRemote sensing and mathematical modelling of Lake Vostok, East Antarctica: past, present and future researchRemote sensing and mathematical modelling of Lake Vostok, East Antarctica: past, present and future researchhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1830-8658PopovS. V.PopovS. V.

Санкт-Петербург

Sergey V. Popov

St. Petersburg

s.popov@spbu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3486-5243BoroninaA. S.BoroninaA. S.

Санкт-Петербург

Alina S. Boronina

St. Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9819-2802EkaykinA. A.EkaykinA. A.

Санкт-Петербург

Alexey A. Ekaykin

St. Petersburg

KlepikovA. V.KlepikovA. V.

Санкт-Петербург

Alexander V. Klepikov

St. Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6316-8511LeitchenkovG. L.LeitchenkovG. L.

Санкт-Петербург

German L. Leitchenkov

St. Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4221-5440LipenkovV. Ya.LipenkovV. Ya.

Санкт-Петербург

Vladimir Ya. Lipenkov

St. Petersburg

LukinV. V.LukinV. V.

Санкт-Петербург

Valery V. Lukin

St. Petersburg

MasolovV. N.MasolovV. N.

Санкт-Петербург

Valery N. Masolov

St. Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7900-4893RichterA.RichterA.

Дрезден, Ла-Плата, Буэнос-Айрес

Andreas Richter

Dresden, La Plata, Buenos Aires

VorobiovD. M.VorobiovD. M.

Санкт-Петербург

Dmitry M. Vorobiov

St. Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4269-8086CuiX.CuiX.

Шанхай

Xiangbin Cui

Shanghai

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2010-6238QiaoG.QiaoG.

Шанхай

Gang Qiao

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-8941ScheinertM.ScheinertM.

Дрезден

Mirko Scheinert

Dresden

DietrichR.DietrichR.

Дрезден

Reinhard Dietrich

Dresden

Полярная морская геологоразведочная экспедиция; Институт наук о Земле Санкт-Петербургского государственного университетаРоссияPolar Marine Geosurvey Expedition; Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State UniversityRussian FederationГосударственный гидрологический институтРоссияState Hydrological InstituteRussian FederationГНЦ РФ Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институтРоссияState Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Arctic and Antarctic Research InstituteRussian FederationИнститут наук о Земле Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета; Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт геологии и минеральных ресурсов Мирового океана (ВНИИОкеангеология)РоссияInstitute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University; All-Russia Research Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources of the World Ocean (VNIIOkeangeologia)Russian FederationПолярная морская геологоразведочная экспедицияРоссияPolar Marine Geosurvey ExpeditionRussian FederationИнститут планетарной геодезии Дрезденского технического университета; Лаборатория МАГГИА, Национальный университет Ла-Платы; Национальный совет научных и технических исследованийАргентинаInstitut für Planetare Geodäsie, Technische Universität Dresden; Laboratorio MAGGIA, Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasArgentinaКитайский институт полярных исследованийКитайPolar Research Institute of ChinaChinaЦентр пространственной информатики и устойчивого развития, Университет Тунцзи; Колледж геодезии и геоинформатики, Университет ТунцзиКитайCentre for Spatial Information Science and Sustainable Development; College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics Tongji UniversityChinaИнститут планетарной геодезии Дрезденского технического университетаГерманияInstitut für Planetare Geodäsie, Technische Universität DresdenGermany202421122024704Специальный выпуск Исследования подледникового озера Восток460476Copyright © Popov S.V., Boronina A.S., Ekaykin A.A., Klepikov A.V., Leitchenkov G.L., Lipenkov V.Y., Lukin V.V., Masolov V.N., Richter A., Vorobiov D.M., Cui X., Qiao G., Scheinert M., Dietrich R., 20242024Popov S.V., Boronina A.S., Ekaykin A.A., Klepikov A.V., Leitchenkov G.L., Lipenkov V.Y., Lukin V.V., Masolov V.N., Richter A., Vorobiov D.M., Cui X., Qiao G., Scheinert M., Dietrich R.Popov S.V., Boronina A.S., Ekaykin A.A., Klepikov A.V., Leitchenkov G.L., Lipenkov V.Y., Lukin V.V., Masolov V.N., Richter A., Vorobiov D.M., Cui X., Qiao G., Scheinert M., Dietrich R.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.aaresearch.science/jour/article/view/665

В статье представлен обзор исследований, выполненный к настоящему времени в районе подледникового озера Восток (Восточная Антарктида). Они включают в себя геофизические, гляциологические, геодезические и геологические исследования. Наиболее важные геофизические исследования были проведены Полярной морской геологоразведочной экспедицией. Они включали в себя сейсмические исследования методом отраженных и преломленных волн, а также радиолокационное профилирование. Значительный вклад в изучение этого региона внесли американские исследователи, которые в ходе летнего полевого сезона 2000/01 г. провели комплексную аэрогеофизическую съемку по регулярной сети маршрутов. Она включала в себя магнитометрические, гравиметрические и радиолокационные измерения. В результате этих работ установлено, что площадь водной поверхности составляет 15 790 км², а ее высота над уровнем моря изменяется в пределах от –600 до –150 м. Средняя глубина озера Восток составляет 400 м, а максимальные отметки достигают 1200 м. Объем воды озера составляет 6100 км³. На его акватории насчитывается 11 островов, а их общая площадь составляет 365 км². Кроме того, вокруг озера было обнаружено 56 изолированных подледниковых водоемов, один из которых активный. На начальном этапе проводились специализированные работы, направленные на совершенствование методики исследований и повышения их точности. Они позволили установить, что непосредственно в пункте бурения скважины 5Γ средняя скорость распространения упругих волн в теле ледника и в чистом атмосферном льду (пластовая скорость) составляет 3810 ± 20 м/с и 3920 ± 20 м/с соответственно; средняя скорость распространения электромагнитных волн составляет 168,4 ± 0,5 м/мкс. На основе этих данных была определена мощность ледника в этом районе, которая составила 3768 м. Специальный раздел посвящен обзору математических моделей, которые описывают процессы теплои массопереноса в леднике и движения воды в озере Восток. Новый этап исследований на обновленной станции видится авторам как масштабные мультидисциплинарные работы с опорой на результаты бурения скважины, включая донное опробование. Конечным результатом может стать описание глубинного строения и этапов развития региона, а также математическая модель процессов тепломассопереноса в леднике и озерной воде. Изучение озера Восток является безусловным приоритетом отечественных исследований в Антарктиде. Это нашло свое отражение в «Стратегии развития деятельности Российской Федерации в Антарктике до 2030 года», утвержденной Правительством РФ 19.08.2020. В этом основополагающем документе, регламентирующем все научные исследования в южной полярной области, имеется Мероприятие № 21 «Комплексные исследования подледникового озера Восток и палеоклимата Земли в районе российской антарктической станции Восток», и планируемые работы следуют в фарватере приоритетных научных задач нашей страны в Антарктике.

The paper presents a review of the studies carried out in the area of the subglacial Lake Vostok (East Antarctica) to date. They include geophysical, glaciological, geodesic, and geological investigations. The most important geophysical investigations were carried out by the Polar Marine Geosurvey Expedition. They included reflection and refraction seismic, and also radio-echo sounding. The major contribution to the study of this region was made by American researchers, who in the 2000/01 field season performed a complex airborne geophysical survey on a regular network. Their work included magnetometric, gravimetric, and radio-echo sounding measurements. All the research conducted found that the water surface area is 15 790 km², and its altitudinal height changes from –600 to –150 m. The average depth of Lake Vostok is 400 m, and the maximum marks reach 1 200 m. The water body volume is estimated at 6 100 km³. There are 11 islands in the lake, and their total area is 365 km². In addition, 56 isolated subglacial water bodies were found around the lake. A special section is devoted to a review of mathematical models of heat and mass transfer processes in the glacier and water movement in Lake Vostok.

озеро Востокдинамика ледникакомплексные исследованияобзор математических моделейLake Vostokglacier dynamicsmultidisciplinary studiesreview of mathematical modelsРабота выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда № 22-27-00266 «Разработка математической модели развития ледникового покрова с последующим применением для описания субгляциальных гидрологических процессов в районе подледникового озера Восток, Восточная Антарктида»The work was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation № 22-27-00266 “Development of a mathematical model of glaciation with subsequent application for describing subglacial hydrological processes in the area of sub-glacial Lake Vostok, Eastern Antarctica”ReferencesRidley J.K., Cudlip W., Laxon S.W. Identification of subglacial lakes using ERS-1 radar altimeter. Journal of Glaciology 1993;39(133):625–634. https://doi.org/10.3189/S002214300001652XRidley J.K., Cudlip W., Laxon S.W. 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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.