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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">aari</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Arctic and Antarctic Research</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0555-2648</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-6713</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30758/0555-2648-2024-70-4-477-498</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">aari-666</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛЯЦИОЛОГИЯ И КРИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GLACIOLOGY AND CRYOLOGY OF THE EARTH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Unsealing Subglacial Lake Vostok: Lessons and implications for future full-scale exploration</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Unsealing Subglacial Lake Vostok: Lessons and implications for future full-scale exploration</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4221-5440</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Lipenkov</surname><given-names>V. Ya.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lipenkov</surname><given-names>V. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir Ya. Lipenkov</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lipenkov@aari.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9453-4059</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Turkeev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Turkeev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey V. Turkeev</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9819-2802</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ekaykin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ekaykin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey A. Ekaykin</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9820-8675</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Alekhina</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekhina</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina A. Alekhina</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5988-6024</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Salamatin</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Salamatin</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey N. Salamatin</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Vasiliev</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasiliev</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay I. Vasiliev</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГНЦ РФ Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский горный университет императрицы Екатерины II</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Empress Catherine II Saint-Petersburg Mining University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>70</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title>Специальный выпуск Исследования подледникового озера Восток</issue-title><fpage>477</fpage><lpage>498</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Lipenkov V.Y., Turkeev A.V., Ekaykin A.A., Alekhina I.A., Salamatin A.N., Vasiliev N.I., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Lipenkov V.Y., Turkeev A.V., Ekaykin A.A., Alekhina I.A., Salamatin A.N., Vasiliev N.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lipenkov V.Y., Turkeev A.V., Ekaykin A.A., Alekhina I.A., Salamatin A.N., Vasiliev N.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.aaresearch.science/jour/article/view/666">https://www.aaresearch.science/jour/article/view/666</self-uri><abstract><p>Два вскрытия крупнейшего на нашей планете подледникового озера Восток, осуществленные под руководством профессора Санкт-Петербургского горного университета Николая Ивановича Васильева, стали выдающимися событиями в истории антарктической науки. Бесценный опыт и знания, полученные во время первого вскрытия озера 5 февраля 2012 г., были полностью учтены при планировании и проведении второго вскрытия подледникового водоема, которое было выполнено 25 января 2015 г. с минимальными отклонениями от заданных параметров. В ходе этих уникальных буровых операций были получены самые точные на сегодняшний день оценки мощности ледникового покрова (3758,6 ± 3 м) и давления льда на контакте ледника с подледниковым водоемом (33,85 ± 0,05 МПа) в пункте бурения. Было установлено, что разница давлений воды и льда на границе раздела близка к нулю и, следовательно, ледниковый щит на этом участке находится в гидростатическом равновесии с озером. К сожалению, надежды на то, что поднявшаяся в скважину подледниковая вода окажется полезной для изучения среды озера Восток, оправдались не в полной мере. Сильное органическое, биологическое и техногенное загрязнение керна замерзшей воды озера, который был получен до выхода бурового снаряда из материнской скважины, сделало его практически непригодным для изучения большинства свойств подледниковой воды, кроме ее изотопного состава. Редким исключением стала проба конжеляционного льда, полученная после второго вскрытия озера, которая, благодаря строгим процедурам деконтаминации и контроля загрязнения, позволила сделать вывод о том, что поверхностная вода озера, попавшая в скважину, скорее всего, не содержит микробную ДНК (см. Bulat et al. в этом номере). Вместе с тем исследования двух параллельных кернов из скважин 5Г-2 и 5Г-3, достигших поверхности озера, позволили получить новые данные как об условиях формирования нарастающего на нижнюю поверхность ледника озерного льда, так и о среде и гидрологическом режиме озера Восток (Ekaykin et al. в этом номере). Повторное бурение скважин, заполненных замерзшей озерной водой, показало, что во всех случаях в зоне взаимодействия заливочной жидкости и подледниковой воды образуется твердое белое вещество — смесь льда и гидрата фреона HCFC-141b. Было установлено, что образование гидрата происходит практически мгновенно, еще до завершения бурового рейса, в котором производилось вскрытие озера. Образующееся твердое вещество частично или полностью заполняет скважину и препятствует любым попыткам взять пробу жидкой озерной воды. Последнее означает, что существующая глубокая скважина, заполненная смесью керосина и дихлорфторэтана HCFC-141b, не может быть использована в качестве скважины доступа для проведения прямых исследований подледникового водоема. Предложенная ранее замена используемой в настоящее время буровой жидкости в призабойной зоне скважины на жидкость, не реагирующую с водой (например, кремнийорганическую), может, на наш взгляд, лишь еще больше усложнить взаимодействие различных жидкостей в скважине и создать пока неизвестные технологические проблемы, не разрешив при этом существующих экологических озабоченностей. По какому бы пути ни пошли дальнейшие исследования озера, неугасающий научный и общественный интерес к изучению подледниковой среды Антарктиды вообще и озера Восток в частности дает нам надежду на то, что работа, начатая командой Н.И. Васильева, будет продолжена. Следующая грандиозная задача — проникновение в подледниковый водоем с целью проведения отбора проб и прямых исследований водной толщи и донных осадков озера Восток. Подготовка и осуществление проникновения в озеро потребуют создания новых буровых и исследовательских технологий, а следовательно, значительных финансовых и человеческих ресурсов. Хочется верить, что с вводом в эксплуатацию нового зимовочного комплекса станции Восток придет время и для этого нового масштабного антарктического проекта.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The deep holes drilled at Vostok Station by the Russian Antarctic Expedition reached the surface of Subglacial Lake Vostok twice — on February 5, 2012 and January 25, 2015. Two unsealings of the largest subglacial water body on Earth, led by Nikolay Vasiliev, have become remarkable events in the history of Antarctic science. To preserve all the twists and turns of this pioneering work for the ice-drilling community, we have compiled and carefully analyzed all the available drilling, geophysical, and glaciological observations made prior to, during, and after the lake piercings. Based on that information, in this paper we have pieced together a detailed narrative of these two unprecedented drilling operations in the hope that the lessons learned may prove useful for future environmental stewardship, scientific investigations, and technological developments related to the exploration of Lake Vostok.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>подледниковое озеро</kwd><kwd>глубокое бурение</kwd><kwd>скважина доступа</kwd><kwd>вскрытие</kwd><kwd>повторное бурение</kwd><kwd>гидрат фреона HCFC-141b</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>subglacial lake</kwd><kwd>deep drilling</kwd><kwd>access borehole</kwd><kwd>breakthrough</kwd><kwd>re-drilling</kwd><kwd>HCFC-141b hydrate</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках темы 5.2 НИТР Росгидромета «Комплексные океанологические, климатические, гляциологические и геофизические исследования Антарктики и Южного океана», рег. № AAAA-A20-120041590008-0. Анализ гляциологических данных был выполнен ранее при финансовой поддержке РНФ, грант 14-27-00030</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was completed as part of Roshydromet project 5.2 “Complex oceanographic, climatic, glaciological and geophysical investigations of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean”, reg. № AAAA-A20-120041590008-0. Analysis of glaciological data was previously supported by RSF grant 14-27-00030</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petit J.R., Jouzel J., Raynaud D., Barkov N.I., Barnola J.M., Basile I., Bender M., Chappellaz J., Davis M., Delague G., Delmotte M., Kotlyakov V.M., Legrand M., Lipenkov V.Ya., Lorius C., Pepin L., Ritz C., Saltzman E., Stievenard M. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. 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