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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">aari</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Arctic and Antarctic Research</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0555-2648</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-6713</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30758/0555-2648-2026-72-1-6-18</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">aari-788</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОКЕАНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OCEANOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Автоматическое определение вихрей по спутниковым данным видимого диапазона с использованием методов глубокого машинного обучения на примере Норвежского моря</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ocean eddy automatic detection in satellite optical images of the Norwegian Sea using deep machine learning.</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулак</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulak</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6907-1729</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демчев</surname><given-names>Д. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demchev</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">denis@niersc.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8742-8031</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гневашев</surname><given-names>Ф. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gnevashev</surname><given-names>F. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1575-8784</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеева</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseeva</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1257-4197</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Башмачников</surname><given-names>И. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bashmachnikov</surname><given-names>I. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Международный центр охраны окружающей среды и дистанционного зондирования им. Нансена<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Scientific Foundation “Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre”<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Международный центр охраны окружающей среды и дистанционного зондирования им. Нансена; Центр морских исследований МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова; ГНЦ РФ Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Scientific Foundation “Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre”; Lomonosov Moscow State University Marine Research Center (LMSU MRC); State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет; Международный центр охраны окружающей среды и дистанционного зондирования им. Нансена<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University; Scientific Foundation “Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre”<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">ГНЦ РФ Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт; Институт космических исследований РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute; Space Research Institute Russian Academy of Science<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>72</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кулак В.В., Демчев Д.М., Гневашев Ф.А., Алексеева Т.А., Башмачников И.Л., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кулак В.В., Демчев Д.М., Гневашев Ф.А., Алексеева Т.А., Башмачников И.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kulak V.V., Demchev D.M., Gnevashev F.A., Alekseeva T.A., Bashmachnikov I.L.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.aaresearch.science/jour/article/view/788">https://www.aaresearch.science/jour/article/view/788</self-uri><abstract><p>Океанские вихри являются важным фактором крупномасштабной динамики вод Мирового океана, включая полярные и субполярные районы. Статистически достоверная информация о количестве и характеристиках мезомасштабных и субмезомасштабных вихрей позволит оценить их влияние на крупномасштабные течения, динамику ледяной кромки и другие динамические и биохимические процессы в океане. В работе предлагается алгоритм глубокого машинного обучения на базе нейросети SegFormer для эффективного автоматического выделения вихрей по данным видимого диапазона спутника Sentinel-3. Обучение осуществлялось на 52 изображениях Норвежского моря за 2017–2025 гг., на которых было выделено 938 вихрей. Достигнутые высокие метрики качества IoU = 0,87 и Dice = 0,93 показывают высокое качество работы алгоритма. Полученные результаты особенно актуальны для полярных районов океана, где преобладающие размеры вихрей существенно меньше, чем, например, в субтропических и тропических широтах. Выделение вихрей на снимках видимого диапазона является перспективными дополнением к исследованию проявлений вихрей в радиодиапазоне и позволит в дальнейшем получить более объективные данные для комплексного изучения динамики мезомасштабных и субмезомасштабных вихрей в океане.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Ocean eddies are an important factor in the large-scale dynamics of the global ocean, including   polar and subpolar regions. A robust statistical information on the number and characteristics of mesoscaleand submesoscale eddies will yield new insights on their effect on dynamics of large-scale currents, ice-edgevariability, and other dynamic and biochemical processes in the ocean. Optical images complement the results of the eddy identification study in radar and satellite altimetry images, each of which has its inherent limitations. In optical images, eddies are often observed as spiral or mushroom-shaped structures in chlorophyll distribution, which are formed through the effect of eddy rotation and convergence/divergence patterns. Massive studies of characteristics of ocean eddies require algorithms for their automatic identification. Although several such algorithms have been suggested for satellite altimetry and radar data, no such algorithm exists for satellite optical images. It this study we propose a machine deep learning algorithm for efficient automatic eddy detection in Sentinel-3 optical images. The Lofoten Basin of the Norwegian Sea, an area with a small Rossby deformation radius of less than 10 km, but densely populated with eddies, was selected as a region for algorithm training and validation. Even though the study area is known as one of the cloudiest areas of the northern polar latitudes, 52 mostly cloud-free images were collected over the 9 years of Sentinel-3 data, where 938 eddies were detected. For automatic eddy identification we used SegFormer neural network architecture with an AdamW optimizer, applied for 512×512 pixel tiles. In the course of validation high quality metrics were obtained: Precision = 0.94, Recall = 0.91, Intersection of Union = 0.87 and Dice = 0.93. This demonstrates high efficiency of the algorithm developed. The algorithm additionally identified several eddies missed during visual image inspection. The results of the study are particularly relevant to polar ocean regions, where the predominant eddy sizes are significantly smaller than in the tropics. The robust identification of eddies in optical images is a promising step forward in understanding mesoscale and sub-mesoscale eddy dynamics.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>океанские вихри</kwd><kwd>глубокое машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>Sentinel-3</kwd><kwd>Норвежское море</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ocean eddy</kwd><kwd>deep learning</kwd><kwd>Sentinel-3</kwd><kwd>Norwegian Sea</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке гранта СПбГУ № 129659573.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The research is funded by the SPbSU project № 129659573.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wunsch C., Ferrari R. Vertical mixing, energy, and the general circulation of the oceans. 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