<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">aari</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Arctic and Antarctic Research</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0555-2648</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-6713</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30758/0555-2648-2026-72-2-288-302</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">aari-861</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРИКЛАДНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>APPLIED PROBLEMS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Первая зимняя навигация в северо-западной и западной частях Охотского моря: условия ледового плавания</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The first winter navigation in the northwestern part of the sea of Okhotsk: ice navigation conditions</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7746-2950</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pavlova@aari.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1575-8784</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеева</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseeva</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаров</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarov</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гуляев</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gulyaev</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саперштейн</surname><given-names>Е. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saperstein</surname><given-names>E. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бородкин</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borodkin</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6545-3635</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ершова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ershova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3005-4961</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афанасьева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Afanasyeva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котикова</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotikova</surname><given-names>P. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1810-3947</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юскаев</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Uskaev</surname><given-names>D. U.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вибе</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vibe</surname><given-names>A. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГНЦ РФ Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГНЦ РФ Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт; Институт космических исследований РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute; Space Research Institute RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Транс-Груп СПб</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Space Research Institute RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>72</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>288</fpage><lpage>302</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Павлова Е.А., Алексеева Т.А., Макаров Е.И., Гуляев А.И., Саперштейн Е.Б., Бородкин В.А., Ершова А.А., Афанасьева Е.В., Котикова П.А., Юскаев Д.Ю., Вибе А.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Павлова Е.А., Алексеева Т.А., Макаров Е.И., Гуляев А.И., Саперштейн Е.Б., Бородкин В.А., Ершова А.А., Афанасьева Е.В., Котикова П.А., Юскаев Д.Ю., Вибе А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pavlova E.A., Alekseeva T.A., Makarov E.I., Gulyaev A.I., Saperstein E.B., Borodkin V.A., Ershova A.A., Afanasyeva E.V., Kotikova P.А., Uskaev D.U., Vibe A.А.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.aaresearch.science/jour/article/view/861">https://www.aaresearch.science/jour/article/view/861</self-uri><abstract><p>Северо-западная и западная части Охотского моря характеризуется сложной ледовой обстановкой для зимне-весенней навигации: приливно-отливные явления и течения оказывают мощное воздействие на ледяной покров на фоне выхолаживания акватории за счет действия зимнего муссона, и в результате происходит практически постоянная деформация ледяного покрова, возникают сжатия. Тяжесть ледовой обстановки, а также отсутствие до недавнего времени необходимости проведения морских операций объясняют малую изученность условий ледового плавания в северо-западной части Охотского моря. В 2024 г. был построен угольный морской терминал «Порт Эльга», с этого момента начался круглогодичный вывоз угля Эльгинского месторождения. В течение всего зимне-весеннего сезона 2024/25 проводился непрерывный мониторинг первой зимней навигации в северо-западном и западном районах Охотского моря. На основе первой зимней навигации выявлено существенное осложнение условий ледового плавания в отдельных районах под действием динамических факторов, а также изменение структуры льда в период весеннего таяния. Определены положения оптимальных вариантов плавания в северо-западном районе Охотского моря при различных стадиях формирования ледяного покрова.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The severity of the ice conditions and absence of winter maritime operations in the area in the winter season 2024/25 explain the limited understanding of ice navigation conditions in the northwestern and western parts of the Sea of Okhotsk. In 2024, the Port Elga coal terminal was built and the year-round transportation of coal started from the Elga deposit to Cape Manorsky and then to the southern Sea of Okhotsk. In this study we conducted continuous monitoring of the first winter navigation season in the northwestern Sea of Okhotsk. Based on the results, we identified several specific features of the ice navigation conditions. Specifically, ice conditions in certain localized areas became more severe due to dynamic factors and changes in the ice structure during the spring melting period. In the course of the study, we obtained and analyzed information on the characteristics of navigation in an area where there had been no previous permanent winter navigation and determined the position of optimal navigation routes in the northwestern and western regions of the Sea of Okhotsk at various stages of ice formation. The 2024/25 winter-spring navigation was analyzed over several key periods, as ice conditions became more difficult. At the beginning of the season, navigation followed the shortest southern route and was easy for ships with ice class Arc4 or higher. The second period required icebreaker assistance. In the third period, navigation routes shifted northward due to more difficult ice conditions. In the fourth period, icebreaker assistance was provided by two icebreakers simultaneously. In the fifth, most challenging period, ship traffic was almost stopped due to severe ice conditions. The main conclusion of the study is the need for both continuous monitoring of ice conditions and specialized shipboard ice observations to provide timely forecasting of ice conditions, thereby improving the quality of specialized hydrometeorological support for ships during maritime operations.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ледовое плавание</kwd><kwd>ледовые прогнозы</kwd><kwd>Охотское море</kwd><kwd>порт Эльга</kwd><kwd>оптимальный маршрут плавания</kwd><kwd>зимняя навигация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ice navigation</kwd><kwd>ice forecasts</kwd><kwd>Sea of Okhotsk</kwd><kwd>Port Elga</kwd><kwd>optimal navigation route</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The analysis of AIS data and ice navigation conditions was conducted within the framework of Roshydromet’s Research and Development Program 5.1 for 2025–2029, “Development of Models, Methods, and Technologies for Monitoring and Forecasting the State of the Atmosphere, Ocean, Sea Ice Cover, Glaciers, and Permafrost, and the Processes of Ice Interaction with Natural Objects and Engineering Structures for the Arctic”. The satellite data analysis was conducted within the framework of the state assignment of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Monitoring”, state registration No. 126031818938-6.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tateyama K., Enomoto H. Observation of sea-ice thickness fluctuation in the seasonal ice-covered area during 1992−99 winters. Annals of Glaciology. 2001;33(1):449–456. https://doi. org/0.3189/172756401781818707</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tateyama K., Enomoto H. Observation of sea-ice thickness fluctuation in the seasonal ice-covered area during 1992−99 winters. Annals of Glaciology. 2001;33(1):449–456. https://doi. org/0.3189/172756401781818707</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минервин И.Г., Романюк В.А., Пищальник В.М., Трусков П.А., Покрашенко С.А. Районирование ледяного покрова Охотского и Японского морей. Вестник РАН. 2015;85(3):209–217. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0869587315010119</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minervin I.G., Romanyuk V.A., Pishchal’nik V.M., Truskov P.A., Pokrashenko S.A. Zoning the ice cover of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. Her. Russ. Acad. Sci. 2015;85:132–139. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1019331615010049</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pishchalnik V.M., Truskov P.A., Romanyuk V.A., Minervin I.G. Interannual variability of ice volume in the sea of Okhotsk during the maximum development of ice extent for 2000–2020. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2021;189:103326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103326</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pishchalnik V.M., Truskov P.A., Romanyuk V.A., Minervin I.G. Interannual variability of ice volume in the sea of Okhotsk during the maximum development of ice extent for 2000–2020. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2021;189:103326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103326</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sato Y., Nakayama K., Tateyama K., Komai K. Sea ice and waves in the Sea of Okhotsk from 1989 to 2012. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2024;223:104219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104219</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sato Y., Nakayama K., Tateyama K., Komai K. Sea ice and waves in the Sea of Okhotsk from 1989 to 2012. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2024;223:104219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104219</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strokova L. Landslide susceptibility zoning in surface coal mining areas: a case study Elga field in Russia. Arabian Journ. of Geosciences. 2022;15(146). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-09314-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strokova L. Landslide susceptibility zoning in surface coal mining areas: a case study Elga field in Russia. Arabian Journ. of Geosciences. 2022;15(146). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-09314-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макаров Е.И., Алексеева Т.А., Саперштейн Е.Б. Диагностирование динамики ледового покрова Арктики для идентификации и прогноза опасных ледовых явлений для судоходства. Труды Крыловского государственного научного центра. 2024;Специальный выпуск 1:160–167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarov E.I., Alekseeva T.A., Sapershtein E.B. Diagnosis of dynamics of the arctic sea ice cover to identify and forecast dangerous ice phenomena for navigation. Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre. 2024;Special Issue 1:160–167. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саперштейн Е.Б., Макаров Е.И., Алексеева Т.А., Павлова Е.А. Новый подход в исследовании динамики ледового покрова Арктики и его практическое приложение в интересах судоходства. Труды Крыловского государственного научного центра. 2024;Специальный выпуск 1:168–176.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sapershtein E.B., Makarov E.I., Alekseeva T.A., Pavlova Е.А. New approach to Arctic ice dynamics research and its applications in Arctic shipping. Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre. 2024;Special Issue 1:168–176. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеева Т.А., Сероветников С.С., Макаров Е.И., Бородкин В.А., Ермаков Д.М., Тихонов В.В., Кузьмин А.В., Афанасьева Е.В., Котельников В.Д., Юскаев Д.Ю., Козловский Е.В. Влияние интенсивного судоходства на изменение строения и динамики ледяного покрова в юго-западной части Карского моря. Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики. 2024;70(3):323–337. https://doi.org/10.30758/05552648-2024-70-3-323-337</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseeva T.A., Serovetnikov S.S., Makarov E.I., Borodkin V.А., Ermakov D.M., Tikhonov V.V., Kuzmin A.V., Afanasyeva E.V., Kotelnikov V.D., Yuskaev D.Y., Kozlovsky E.V. The influence of heavy shipping traffic on the structure and dynamics of sea ice in the southwestern Kara Sea. Arctic and Antarctic Research. 2024;70(3):323–337. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30758/05552648-2024-70-3-323-337</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеева Т.А., Сероветников С.С., Бородкин В.А., Макаров Е.И., Афанасьева Е.В., Котельников В.Д., Козловский Е.В., Вибе А.А. Необходимость изменения подходов к изучению морского льда вследствие техногенного влияния на ледяной покров в районах интенсивного судоходства. Транспортные системы. 2025;4(38):34–37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseeva T.A., Serovetnikov S.S., Borodkin V.A., Makarov E.I., Afanasyeva E.V., Kotelnikov V.D., Kozlovsky E.V., Vibe A.A. The need to change approaches to the study of sea ice due to the anthropogenic impact on ice cover in areas of intensive shipping. Transportnye sistemy = Transport systems. 2025;4(38):34–37. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kowalik Z., Polyakov I. Tides in the Sea of Okhotsk. Physical Oceanography. 1998;28(7): 1389–1409. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028&lt;1389:titsoo&gt;2.0.co;2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kowalik Z., Polyakov I. Tides in the Sea of Okhotsk. Physical Oceanography. 1998;28(7): 1389–1409. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028&lt;1389:titsoo&gt;2.0.co;2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шевченко Г.В., Романов А.А. Определение характеристик прилива в Охотском море по данным спутниковой альтиметрии. Исследование Земли из космоса. 2004;1:49–62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevchenko G.V., Romanov A.A. Tides characteristics in the sea of Okhotsk definition from Topex/Poseidon sea level data. Issledovanie Zemli iz kosmosa = Earth research from space. 2004;1:49–62. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шевченко Г.В., Романов А.А. Энергетические характеристики приливных и непериодических колебаний уровня Охотского моря по данным спутниковой альтиметрии. Исследование Земли из космоса. 2008;6:67–76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevchenko G.V., Romanov A.A. Energetic characteristics of tidal and residual level oscillations in the Okhotsk Sea from satellite altimetry data. Issledovaniye Zemli iz kosmosa= Earth research from space. 2008;6:67–76. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фролов С.В. Основные закономерности распределения характеристик ледяного покрова и их влияние на движение ледокола в Арктическом бассейне в летний период (по данным высокоширотных плаваний). Тр. ААНИИ. 1997;437:83–98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frolov S.V. Main patterns of distribution of ice cover characteristics and their influence on icebreaker movement in the Arctic basin in summer (based on high-latitude voyages). Trudy AANII = Transactions of AARI. 1997;437:83–98. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лоция Охотского моря. Вып. 2. Северная часть моря. СПб.: Управление навигации и океанографии министерства обороны РФ; 2021. 344 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Лоция Охотского моря. Вып. 2. Северная часть моря. СПб.: Управление навигации и океанографии министерства обороны РФ; 2021. 344 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Думанская И.О. Ледовые условия морей Азиатской части России. М: ФГБУ «Гидрометцентр России»; 2017. 639 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Думанская И.О. Ледовые условия морей Азиатской части России. М: ФГБУ «Гидрометцентр России»; 2017. 639 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гидрометеорология и гидрохимия морей. Т. IX (Охотское море). Вып. 1. Гидрометеорологические условия. СПб.: Гидрометеоиздат; 1998. 342 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Гидрометеорология и гидрохимия морей. Т. IX (Охотское море). Вып. 1. Гидрометеорологические условия. СПб.: Гидрометеоиздат; 1998. 342 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
