Basic physical and mechanical characteristics of ice based on the results of the expedition “Transarktika-2019”
https://doi.org/10.30758/0555-2648-2020-66-3-293-320
Abstract
On the “Transarktika-2019” expedition, works were carried out for determining the physical and mechanical characteristics of frost field of the first-year sea ice and the field of second-year ice.
The thickness of the ice cover was determined by contact and non-contact methods, the temperature, salinity and density of ice, the strength of the samples at central bending and uniaxial compression, as well as the local (borehole) strength of ice were measured.
Studies have shown that most of the field is an ice formation formed in the process of dynamic metamorphism. At the beginning of the expedition, an ice floe passed through a section of warm surface waters. This led to the disappearance of the openwork layer on the lower boundary of the ice and stopping the growth of ice from below. During the observation period, the average temperature and salinity of the deformed ice increased, while the average density decreased. The values of mechanical characteristics decreased with increasing temperature and brine volume. The average borehole strength were close to the values obtained by the quadratic approximation for ice in the area of the Ice Station “Cape of Baranov”. The physical and mechanical properties of the level ice are generally similar to the properties of ice, composed mainly of fibrous structures. The ratios between the borehole strength and the strength under uniaxial compression of ice samples drilled parallel to the ice surface were 4.5 and 4.7, which corresponds to the literature data.
The thickness of the second-year sea ice at the place of work was 166 — 169 cm, the snow height was 27 cm, the raft of the ice surface above the water surface was 15 cm. The average ice temperature was –4.0 °C. Second-year ice can be divided into three parts that differ in their physical properties. The upper part (0 — 10 cm) was formed in the autumn. The second part (10 — 85 cm) is ice that has undergone seasonal thermometamorphic changes. The lower part was formed during the natural growth of ice from below at the current season.
Keywords
borehole jack,
density,
first-year ice,
ice texture,
local strength,
round plates,
salinity,
second-year ice,
temperature,
uniaxial compression
Supporting agencies: Data processing was carried out as a part of the AARI planned scientific topic under the project 5.1.5 of the Targeted Scientific and Technical Program of Roshydromet (TSTP) “Research of large-scale dynamics, physical processes, mechanics of deformation and destruction of sea ice in order to improve methods for short-term forecasting of compression and ridging”.
About the Authors
S. M. Kovalev
State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
Russian Federation
St. Petersburg
Russian Federation
St. Petersburg
V. A. Borodkin
State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
Russian Federation
St. Petersburg
Russian Federation
St. Petersburg
N. V. Kolabutin
State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
Russian Federation
St. Petersburg
Russian Federation
St. Petersburg
A. A. Nubom
State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
Russian Federation
St. Petersburg
Russian Federation
St. Petersburg
Ev. V. Shimanchuk
State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
Russian Federation
St. Petersburg
Russian Federation
St. Petersburg
Eg. V. Shimanchuk
State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
Russian Federation
St. Petersburg
Russian Federation
St. Petersburg
References
1. Kornishin K.A., Tarasov P.A., Efimov Ia.O., Gudoshnikov Iu.P., Kovalev S.M., Mironov E.U., Makarov E.I., Nesterov A.V. Research of ice regime in the water area of the Khatanga Bay in the Laptev Sea. Led i sneg. Ice and snow. 2018, 58 (3): 396–404. doi: 10.15356/2076-6734-2018-3-396-404. [In Russian].
2. Kovalev S.M., Smirnov V.N., Borodkin V.A., Kolabutin N.V. Research of the physical-mechanical properties of sea ice at the scientific research station “Ice base the cape of Baranov”. Proc. Proceedings of the V All-Russian conference with international participation «POLAR MECHANICS», 9—11 oct. 2018, Novosibirsk. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2018, 193: 012030. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/193/1/012030.
3. Kovalev S.M., Smirnov V.N., Borodkin V.A., Shushlebin A.I., Kolabutin N.V., Kornishin K.A., Efimov Y.O., Tarasov P.A., Volodin D.A. Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Sea Ice in the Kara and Laptev Seas. International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering. 2019, 29 (4): 369 — 374. doi:10.17736/ijope.2019.jc767.
4. Cox G.F.N., Weeks W.F. Equations for determining the gas and brine volumes in sea-ice samples. J. of Glaciology. 1983, 29 (102): 306 — 316.
5. Frankenstein G.E., Garner R. Equations for determining the brine volume of sea ice from –0.5 to –22.9 ºC. J. of Glaciology. 1967, 6 (48): 943 — 944.
6. Frolov I.E., Ivanov V.V., Filchuk K.V., Makshtas A.P., Kustov V.Y., Mahotina I.A., Ivanov B.V., Urazgildeeva A.V., Syoemin V.L., Zimina O.L., Krylov A.A., Bogin V.A., Zakharov V.Y., Malyshev S.A., Gusev E.A., Baryshev P.E., Pilgaev S.V., Kovalev S.M., Turyakov A.B. Transarktika-2019: winter expedition in the Arctic Ocean on the R/V “Akademik Tryoshnikov”. Problemy Arktiki i Antarcktiki. Arctic and Antarctic Research. 2019, 65 (3): 255 — 274.
7. Zubov N.N. L’dy Arktiki. Ice of the Arctic. Moscow: Publishing house of the Glavsevmorput’, 1945: 360 p. [In Russian].
8. Tyshko K.P., Cherepanov N.V., Fedotov V.I. Kristallicheskoe stroenie morskogo ledjanogo pokrova. Crystal structure of the sea ice cover. St. Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat, 2000: 68 p. [In Russian].
9. Smirnov V.N., Kovalev S.M., Shushlebin A.I., Kolabutin N.V., Znamenskiy M.S. Monitoring of the physical and mechanical state of sea ice and short-term prediction of extreme ice phenomena. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki. Arctic and Antarctic Research. 2020, 66 (2): 162 — 179. [In Russian]. https://doi.org/10.30758/0555-2648-2020-66-2-162-179.
10. Johnston M.E. Strength-Temperature Relationships for First-year, Second-year and Multi-year Sea Ice. Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth (2019) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, June 16-21, 2019: 707 — 714.
11. Spencer P., Morrison T. Analysis of borehole jack ice strength data using quantile regression. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, POAC’15, June 14 — 18, 2015, Trondheim, Norway. Available at: http://www.poac.com/Papers/2015/pdf/poac15Final00011.pdf (accessed 10.09.2020).
12. Schwarz J., Frederking R., Gavrilo V., Petrov I. et al. Standardized testing methods for measuring of mechanical properties of ice. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 1981, 4: 245 — 253.
13. Vagapov R.Kh., Gavrilo V.P., Kozlov A.I., Lebedev G.A., Logvin A.I. Distantsionnye metody issledovaniia morskikh l’dov. Remote sensing methods of sea ice research. St. Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat, 1993: 344 p. [In Russian].
14. ISO/FDIS 19906:2010(E). Petroleum and natural gas industries — Arctic offshore structures, 2010: Available at: https://www.rosneft.com/upload/site2/01/ISO_19906.pdf (accessed 13.04.2020).
15. Kovalev S.M., Korostelev V.G., Nikitin V.A., Smirnov V.N., Shushlebin A.I. Application of a borehole jack for determination the local strength of fresh and sea ice. Proc. of the 17th Int. Symp. on Ice. S.-Petersburg, IAHR. 2004: 147 — 153.
16. Masterson D.M. Interpretation of in situ borehole ice strength measurement tests. Can. J. Civ. Eng. 1996, 23 (1): 165 — 179.
17. Sinha N.K. The Borehole Jack — Is It a Useful Tool? Proc. 5th International Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Symposium (OMAE), Tokyo, Japan. 1986: 328 — 335.
18. Svod pravil 11-114-2004. Inzhenernye izyskanija na kontinental’nom shel’fe dlja stroitel’stva morskih neftegazopromyslovyh sooruzhenij. (Set of Rules 11-114-2004. Engineering surveys on the continental shelf for the construction of offshore oil and gas facilities). Moscow: Gosstroy of Russia, 2004. 88 p. [In Russian].
19. Svod pravil 38.13330.2018. Nagruzki i vozdejstvija na gidrotehnicheskie sooruzhenija (volnovye, ledovye i ot sudov). SNiP 2.06.04-82*. (Set of Rules 38.13330.2018. Loads and impacts on hydraulic structures (wave, ice and from ships)). Moscow: Ministry of Construction of Russia, 2018: 122 p. [In Russian].
Review
For citations:
Kovalev S.M., Borodkin V.A., Kolabutin N.V., Nubom A.A., Shimanchuk E.V., Shimanchuk E.V. Basic physical and mechanical characteristics of ice based on the results of the expedition “Transarktika-2019”. Arctic and Antarctic Research. 2020;66(3):293-320. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.30758/0555-2648-2020-66-3-293-320
Views:
710
Email this article 
