Anthropogenic heat flux into the atmosphere and soil created by settlements located in the north of Russia

Estimates are presented for the share of anthropogenic heat flux caused by heating, based on assuming that anthropogenic heat flux depends on outdoor air temperature and that buildings comply with the thermophysical standards specified in the construction regulations. Using the OpenStreetMap web mapping platform, the Yandex Maps service, and GIS housing and communal services, building models were constructed of 12 cities and settlements located in northern Russia. The volumes of all buildings and the surface areas of their enclosing structures were calculated. Three algorithms for estimating the anthropogenic heat flux are considered. The first algorithm uses the concept of normative heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures. The second is based on the normalized value of the specific heat protection characteristic of a building. The third uses the normalized specific characteristic of heat energy consumption for heating and ventilation of the building. It is proposed to use the average anthropogenic heat flux estimate obtained by all algorithms. anthropogenic heat flux is estimated from an administrative and urbanized area. During the heating period the anthropogenic heat flux density from the urbanized area per 1°C difference between indoor and outdoor air temperatures ranges from 0.31 to 1.75 W/(m²·°C). The anthropogenic heat fluxdensity from the urbanized area for the average heating period temperature is located within the range where the lower boundary is estimated between 9.60 and 19.5 W/m², and the upper boundary between 30.0 and 61.2 W/m², depending on the settlement. In this case the total emitted anthropogenic energy (in PJ) from the administrative area is equal to 8.29–20.7 for Surgut; for Yakutsk 9.57–23.6; Arkhangelsk 7.37–15.4; Murmansk — 5.16–11.6; Norilsk — 2.99–9.09; Vorkuta, Apatite and Salekhard — 1.29–4.80; Naryan-Mar — 0.961–1.92; Dudinka — 0.537–1.42; Tiksi and Dixon’s — 0.247–0.681. The anthropogenic heat flux density directed downward toward the underlying surface during the heating season is in the range of 1.20–1.96 W/m². Values of anthropogenic energy averaged over the heating periods 2013–2018 and 2018–2023 are given. Maps of the spatial distribution of the anthropogenic heat f lux density for Vorkuta and Apatite are presented.

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