Studies on ice physical properties in Russia and USSR (mid-19th century — 1940). Thermophysics of ice

This paper outlines the history of Russian and Soviet studies on the thermophysics of ice. Although in Europe this science existed as early as the 18th century, first Russian studies on ice thermophysics were conducted only in 1845–1846, in Pulkovo Observatory, by the research team of Academician V. Struve, upon the initiative and with immediate participation of the academician himself. Further studies were carried out in the early 19th century by A. Bogoyavlensky, privat-docent of Yuriev University, who experimentally investigated the heat absorption and melting point of fresh-water ice. Experimental studies on the heat conductivity coefficient of ice were carried out as per novel procedure, and the results were published by S. Artsibashev and I. Parfianovich in 1928. The understanding of sea ice thermophysical behaviour was heavily influenced by a book written by F. Malmgren and published in the year 1930. To elaborate on certain topics of the book, V. Shuleykin and his research team experimentally investigated the effect of ice porosity upon its heat conductivity coefficient. The year 1932 saw the publication of the books by A. Komarovsky and N. Zubov, with data sheets on the physical properties of fresh-water and sea ice. The same years saw vigorous advances in applied ice engineering (in particular, thermophysical processes in ice). These included empirical expressions obtained for predicting ice thickness growth depending on the number of degree-days with cold temperatures, regelation of ice, as well as ice generation in layers for building ice roads and ice depots. On the whole, however, despite its relevance to many practical applications, ice thermophysics as a research field still remained of secondary importance.

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